Leonardo da Vincis Last Years - Why was he in France

Born near Florence, Italy on April 15, 1452, Leonardo da Vinci became a rock star of the Italian Renaissance. His notebooks illustrate his genius in art, architecture, painting, anatomy, invention, science, engineering, and urban planning—a vast curiosity that defines what it is to be a Renaissance Man. Where should geniuses spend their final days? King Francis I might say France. From Italy to France: In 1515, the French King invited Leonardo to the royal summer home, Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà ©, near Amboise. Now in his 60s, Da Vinci reportedly traveled by mule across the mountains from northern Italy to central France, carrying with him sketchbooks and unfinished artwork. The young French king had hired the Renaissance master as The Kings First Painter, Engineer and Architect. Leonardo lived in the rehabilitated Medieval fortress from 1516 until his death in 1519. Dreams for Romorantin, Actualizing the Ideal City: Francis I was barely 20-years-old when he became King of France. He loved the countryside south of Paris and decided to move the French capital to the Loire Valley, with palaces in Romorantin. By 1516 Leonardo da Vincis reputation was well-known—more so than the next generations young Italian upstart, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564). King Francis hired da Vinci, the seasoned professional, to carry out his dreams for Romorantin. Leonardo had already thought about a planned city while living in Milan, Italy, a city plagued with the same public health crisis that had ravaged Europe throughout the Middle Ages. For centuries outbreaks of the Black Death spread from city to city. Disease was not well-understood in the 1480s, but the cause was thought to be related to poor sanitation. Leonardo da Vinci loved to solve problems, so his planned city included inventive ways for people to live near water without polluting it. Plans for Romorantin incorporated many of Leonardos idealistic ideas. His notebooks show designs for a Royal Palace built on water; redirected rivers and manipulated water levels; clean air and water circulated with a series of windmills; animal stables built on canals where waste water could be safely removed; cobbled streets to facilitate travel and the movement of building supplies; prefabricated houses for relocating townspeople. Plans Change: Romorantin was never built. It appears that construction had begun in da Vincis lifetime, however. Streets were created, carts of stones were being moved, and foundations were laid. But as da Vincis health failed,  the young Kings interests turned to the less ambitious but equally opulent French Renaissance Chà ¢teau de Chambord, begun the year of da Vincis death. Scholars believe that many of the designs intended for Romorantin ended up in Chambord, including an intricate, helix-like spiral stairway. Da Vincis last years were consumed with finishing up The Mona Lisa, which he had carried with him from Italy, sketching more inventions into his notebooks, and designing the Kings Royal Palace at Romorantin. These were the last three years of Leonardo da Vinci—inventing, designing, and putting the finishing touches on some masterpieces. The Design Process: Architects often speak of the built environment, but many of Leonardos designs were unbuilt during his lifetime, including Romorantin and the ideal city. Project completion may be a goal of the architectural process, but Leonardo reminds us of the value of the vision, the design sketch—that design can exist without construction. Even today looking at a firms website, design competitions are often included on the Projects list, even if the contest is lost and the design is unbuilt. Design sketches are real, necessary, and, as any architect will tell you, repurposable. Da Vincis visions live on at Le Clos Lucà ©. Ideas and inventions from his sketchbooks have been built to scale and are exhibited at the Parc Leonardo da Vinci on the grounds of the Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà ©. Leonardo da Vinci shows us that theoretical architecture has a purpose—and is often ahead of its time. Learn More: Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà © website Sources: History of the site at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/en/decouvrir-le-clos-luce/l-histoire-du-lieu/; His life: chronology at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/en/leonard-de-vinci/sa-vie-chronologie/; Romorantin: Palace and Ideal City by Pascal Brioist at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/fichier/s_paragraphe/8730/paragraphe_file_1_en_romorantin.p.brioist.pdf; and Leonardo, Architect of Francis I by Jean Guillaume the Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà © website at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/fichier/s_paragraphe/8721/paragraphe_file_1_en_leonardo_architect_of_francis_i_j.guillaume.pdf  [accessed July 14, 2014]

Essay on Japanese Baseball - 1266 Words

Japanese Baseball Japanese Baseball has existed in Japan since 1873. It first appeared amid the social, cultural and technological spasms Japan endured on the heels of the Meiji restoration. The game began as a club sport; Japans first team was the Shinbashi Athletic Club Athletics (composed mostly of people associated with Japans first railroad which ran from Shinbashi, in Tokyo, to Yokohama). For a relatively good treatment of Japans early baseball history see Robert Whitings Youve Gotta Have Wa, The sport became popular with schoolboys and eventually won recognition from the government. Amateur baseball was the only game in Japan until the Shibaura Club was organized in the early 1920s. The Shibaura Club was founded in†¦show more content†¦Each team played at least 84 games in 1941. In 1942, the war in China spread to the rest of the Pacific. In spite of the continuing escalation of the war, the 1942 schedule went back to 104 games. In 1943, the schedule reverted to 84 games. In 1944, the schedule was drastically reduced to 35 games and only six teams. The 1945 season was never played. Within nine months of the beginning of the Allied occupation, Japans pro leagues were back in business with eight teams playing 105 games each. General Information About Japanese Baseball Amateur Baseball Japan is, arguably, the word-wide center of amateur baseball, in the sense that so many people play baseball here. Softball is played in Japan but it far less popular among men than baseball. The total number of softball and baseball players in Japan is probably about even however, since there appears to be many more womens softball teams than baseball teams. The most popular form of baseball is nanshiki which uses a light rubber ball with dimples so that it resembles a large golf ball with the traditional raised seams of a baseball. The ball is a little harder to catch (because it is so light, it has a tendency to pop out of the glove). 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Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy Free Essays

string(271) " has an unresolved issue of some sort with other family members, then how can it be expected for the family to function in a time of distress\? Resolving an emotional attachment to the family is what this theory says must take place in order for the functioning to work\." Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy Abstract This paper will discuss the adjustments that accompany terminal illness within a family setting. The methods that are applied in the theory of choice will be explored as to whether the treatment is appropriate for this type of tragedy. The compatibility of this theory and this issue will be explored when dealing with the family unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminal Illness Impact and Bowenian Therapy A family is two or more people who consider themselves family and who assume obligations, functions, and responsibilities generally essential to healthy family life. (Barker, 1999. p. 55). Families create patterns that are passed on from grandparents to parents and from parents to children. These become the traditions and part of the value systems that are instilled in the lives of all that are involved. Murray Bowen developed his views of theory pertaining to family systems theory. His view is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). His perspective of the family as a whole having an impact on each individual family member was also shared by many of his colleagues. The objective was to work with the family to understand that unresolved conflict with our original families is the most important unfinished business of our lives. He started out working with mother and child, and then he added fathers to the equation. (Nicholas Schwartz. 2009, p. 138). The interactions between family members generate how a crisis is handled. If a family is close knit, it may be a considered a sign of weakness to let outsiders know how they are feeling or if there is a problem within the family. Generation to generation brings an aspect to the next generation about how a matter such as terminal illness is handled. The emotional interdependence presumably evolved to promote the cohesiveness and cooperation families require to protect, shelter, and feed their members. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). Older family members such as great grandparents may come from an era that believed in privacy or the cultures may consider this type of problem a bad omen. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but maybe not a good one either. Stress causes may reactions in many different ways. According to Bowen, the family is viewed as an emotional unit and uses system thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). A family has a specific purpose for everyone included. It gives a sense of familiar, a sense of completeness, and a sense of belonging. Attachment to the family member that is sick is ultimate for the entire family. The bond sometimes becomes more of an issue than the actual stress of the patient having a terminal illness. Terminal illness and death, however, would appear to be the ultimate way to resolve the attachment bond. Clair, 2000, p. 512). Terminal illness is an infection or disease which is considered ultimately fatal or incurable. It can go undetected, patients cannot afford proper care, or the illness is virulent enough that it will resist medical intervention. (www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm). Terminal illness impacts the entire family. The family consists of more than ju st parents and children. Grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, and uncles make up family as well. There are people who become part of a family through interactions throughout people’s lives. Friends can be just as much a part of the family as the biological members. Some people have better relationships with outside people than those who are born to them. Some parts of the family may not fit as well as others because even though a family is considered a functioning unit, all parts do not always work. When there is anxiety or stress within the family, the individual members show how they can function on their own. Differentiation of self from the family of origin is defined as the ability to function autonomously as an individual without being emotionally dependent upon or attached to the family process. Murdock Gore, 2004, p. 319). Behind closed doors families have an order of rank. There is an order that an individual serves in the community, but the family is the most important role someone can have. The individual that has the strongest backbone so to speak is usually the person higher up the rank chain. This person is usually the tradition carrier. This is usually t he one who has the ability to keep the family functioning in time of stress. The responsibility that accompanies being a family member may be more than some people can handle. When a serious illness is an issue that families deals with every day, somehow there will be problems. If there is an imbalance between togetherness and separation forces in the family system, anxiety is experienced within the individual. (Ecke, Chope, Emmelkamp. (2006), p. 84). Stress is any influence that interferes with the normal functioning of an organism and produces some internal strain or tension. (Barker, 2003. p. 420). Discovering that a tragedy of this type is a problem within any family is not a good thing, yet sometimes it takes a crisis to fix what is wrong. Stress contributes to the way an individual’s life will function. When a family is going through a traumatic event, the functioning of the individual is not what is thought about. The fact that someone that is loved is going through a hard time is a major factor. It is not a time to think about other members of the family, it is centered on the person who is sick. Most families put the differences aside so that the issue at hand can be dealt with. Bowen viewed that the two forces: togetherness and individuality centered on the two counterbalancing each other. (Nichols Schwartz. 009. P. 140). If a family member has an unresolved issue of some sort with other family members, then how can it be expected for the family to function in a time of distress? Resolving an emotional attachment to the family is what this theory says must take place in order for the functioning to work. You read "Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy" in category "Essay exampl es" As adults we are expected to fulfill certain roles and positions. As productive aspects of the community as well as within the family as a participating member, this must be accomplished. It reflects back to the upbringing and the culture that a person comes from. When a family is not able to function as a whole unit, stress can be a good thing because it gives the family a common goal in which to work towards fixing together. Terminal illness can be a surprise as well as an expected occurrence. It can cause strain on a family emotionally, financially, and physically. Dealing with grief and loss, may make the family feel as if they are on a roller coaster ride. The ability of a family’s survival is a part of the foundation on which the family is built. Illness can last for short periods of time as well as for extended periods. Every member of a family handles situations differently. According to Kubler-Ross, grief has stages that a person goes through. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance is the order in which a person is suppose to grieve, but it may not necessarily work out that way. (Zastraw Kirst-Ashman, 2007. p. 566). Some stages may be skipped or some may not be gone through at all. The ability to pass from one stage to the next is how the family system functions is an aspect of Bowen’s theory. In Bowen’s theory, the stress response expands beyond the individual to include the family. He theorized that if a family functions under the strain of stress then the individual could function. The family as a unit revolves around the fact that each member of the family plays an important role. If one of the members can not pull their weight, then the entire family could suffer. If one person is not able to accept and handle what is thrown out when dealing with an issue such as terminal illness then the entire family system could suffer. The way a family works is dependent on how its members can work together as a single functioning unit. Families create alliances in many ways. Sometimes in families parents are each others’ support while the children usually stick together. Usually alliances are formed as well as the normal array. Children gravitate to the grandparents or to a favorite aunt or uncle as well as other relatives. The family figures out how to make the family work by the way the alliances are formed. The way problems are handled can easily be passed from generation to generation. Culture plays a part in how families deal with issues within the family. Children are affected more often during this type of situation in the family. The adults feel that the children should be protected at all cost. Grieving is a normal process of life as well as being a part of the family circle. Grief is the multifaceted response to death and losses of all kinds, including psychological, emotional, social, and physical reactions according to Waldrop. (Waldrop, 2007, p. 198). Telling a child that a parent or grandparent has a sickness that may take them away is somewhat difficult to do. If a child is not an appropriate age to understand the concept of what a terminal illness is, then they cannot grieve properly. This is a part of the family system that has a breakdown. The children not understanding and being able to cope and function as individuals in the system gives the theory some weight. Even adults who do not come to terms with the severity of the stress of dealing with a terminal illness will cause extra stress for the family. People who are not biological member of a family can still be family members. Doctors, nurses, and other caregivers become a part of the family because of the relationship that is build when they come into ontact with the family. As an individual tries to demonstrate the capability of growing and becoming a productive part of society, the way a family creates bonds is essential to that goal. As people interact relationships from all walks will make paths become intertwined. Some of these relationships become as strong as relationships that come from within the family and just as important. Bowen believed that a family functions as a unit if the individuals in th e family system can function on their own. His theory is to help the individual and the entire family is helped. When a serious crisis comes along and the family members must deal with the emotional, psychological, and even the physical aspects, the ability to put small things aside to look at the overall picture comes into play. It is shown that families work only as well as the members in the family work. Different theorists have used the initial framework of family systems as the basis for their ideas and it has been shown many times that as a system the family works whether functional or dysfunctional. This theory of Bowen has shown that in order for the family to function in a crisis the individual family members must be able to work together to form the unit. It takes every member doing his or her part. Taking care of individual needs in order to build and maintain healthy relationships is a must. The family does operate as a unit running on the mind, body, and soul of each and every member. It is critical that each member be able to interact and function with the other members. Murray Bowen had the conception that the unit that makes a family can function as a whole if the members can work together. It is a must that a family needs all of the members in order to create the bound of togetherness that is required to perform completely. There are other theories that would also fit this issue of terminal illness, but Bowen’s Theory also fits that illness and it shows that family members have an impact on a family while dealing with a serious problem. Family means many things to many people. It requires work regardless of the situation that a family is in. The acceptance of loving your family is part of the bond that will not allow a family to stray away from one another even though there will be struggles. The perception that a family is only functioning if all are participating is not always true. The fact that members can allow themselves to see, give, and say that love is in their hearts and minds, makes a family a wonderful place to be. The theory of Bowen’s and his colleagues helped to create ways for families and their members to have an available resource of treatment. It is good to know that there are options out there that are beneficial to families and their members. References Barker, R. L. (ED). (2003). The Social work dictionary (5th ed. ) Baltimore, MD: NASW Press. Clair, M. St. , (2000). An unfortunate family: terminal illness and the altering of the attachment Bond. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54 (4), 512 -518. Davis, B. D. , Cowley, S. , Ryland, R. (1996). The effects of terminal illness on patients and careers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 512 – 520. Ecke van, Y. , Chope, R. C. , Emmelkamp, P. M. (2006), Bowlby and Bowen: attachment theory and family therapy. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 3(2), 81-108. Fraser, B. , McKay, L. , Pease, L. , (2010). Interview with Michael Kerr. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 100 – 109. Klever, P. (2005). Multigenerational stress and nuclear family functioning. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27 (2), 233 – 250. Murdock, N. , Gore, P. (2004). Stress, coping, and differentiation of self: a test of Bowen Theory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26 (3), 319 – 335. Nichols, M. , Schartz, R. , (2009). The essentials of family therapy, 4/e. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Waldrop, D. , (2007). Caregiver grief in terminal illness and bereavement: a mixed-methods Study. Health and Social Work, 12 (4), 197 -206. Wright, J. , (2009). Self-soothing – a recursive intrapsychic and relational process: the Contribution of the Bowen Theory to the process of self-soothing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (1), 49 – 41. www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html retrieved on October 16, 2011 at 4:30p. m. www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm retrieved on November 1, 2011 at 1:15 a. m. Zastrow, C. , Kirst-Ashman, K. (Ed). (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social Environment (7th ed. ) Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole. How to cite Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy, Essay examples

Anonymous Web Browsing And Cyber Crime

Question: Prepare a Report On Anonymous Web Browsing And Cyber Crime? Answer: Introduction Anonymous web browsing (AWB) is the process of browsing the World Wide Web without a retraceable IP address by keeping it hidden with other personally identifiable information about the person by the website it is visiting. The research work on the mode of anonymous communications had long started in 1981by a seminal paper written by Chaum on e-mail that cannot be traced, digital Pseudonyms and return address. This paper had lead a pathway for the further research work that has been continuing even till this day which concentrates on the analysis, construction and defending from anonymous communications system. There are numerous ways to conduct anonymous web browsing. Some of them are usable proxies, rerouting programs such as TOR also known as the onion router, which is responsible for sending information through a network of routers in order to mask the destination of the information. Though AWB is not anonymous at all as traffic analysis and other programs are used to counteract the TOR and proxies. The anonymous web browsers are used for the prevention of the complex solutions that have already been previewed before as privacy issues. These services can provide anonymity which can be really helpful and unwanted contents in the browser which appears as ads can be sorted out. There are mainly 2 types of anonymous browsers, one is web based and the other one is regular proxy filtering functions lie on the client side. The web based anonymous browsers can be reached through websites while the proxy servers lack in transparency and therefore require certain intermediary agents to be installed in them (Yu et al., 2012). Types Of Anonymous Browsing Proxy servers Anonymous browsing utilizes firewalls of OS and proxies in order to avert the viewers in the World Wide Web from viewing the surfing activity. These viewers includes criminal individuals, internet service provider4s and also the government. These are used by the countries which have limited the access of internet for their people, companies, or sometimes even by colleges. They have a number of limitations such as slow loading of the web pages due to the need for rerouting information. It also may not load some contents in a web page due to the remission of suspicious software on a web page. It is sometimes more of a security hazard for the user while browsing web due to its inability of protecting data without encryption as it uses an server externally that can be hacked in by anybody and record essential data such as credit card credentials, passwords etc. browser add-ons like JAVA VM and flash player are unable to mask the IP address even while surfing with anonymous proxy web serv er (Yang, Xiang and Shi, 2009). Web browser The process of web browsing for many surfers is the clearing of the history and cache automatically while browsing for the other users who also use the same device. Such options are provided by most of the web browsers which deletes the passwords and any privacy data or cookies left behind while browsing (XIE, 2007). Anonymizer (web proxy) This is a company setup by Lance Cottrell which uses technological means to preserve the privacy of a user when browsing the web. It acts as a mediator which preserves the identity of the user when one uses the website of the anonymizer as a third party website to visit the actual website they want to visit. The Anonymizer acts as a web proxy tool which bypasses all the requests and the replies are supplied. Therefore accessed web servers are unable to excavate any information about the IP address of the requested user. It alters out the active content from the users machine like JAVA script or JAVA applets and then signals back the information. The services provided by them is very fast as well as anonymously through an interactive communication. The anonymizer acts as a web proxy filters out any headers or source addresses to keep the user anonymous. Therefore this process enables the web server to learn about the identity of the anonymizer server rather than of the user. It is a f orm of commercial VPN service, which makes internet activity masked from the other internet users. The design of the server is based on single point system which forces the web pages to go through a single website and the encrypted channel is sent back to the user. The single point system is less resistant to the sophisticated traffic analysis rather than of network design (Xiao et al., 2009). There are three basic components in single point system. The anonymizer client, which is a commercial software which is run by the client to anonymize the data. The anonymizer server which usually consists of Network Address Translation server, several SSH servers and web proxies. SSH and web proxy servers are used for load balancing. The destination server helps to run the TCP applications (Tillwick and Olivier, 2008). TOR (THE Onion Routing) It is the latest evolution of OR and represents the current highest performer in low-latency anonymous systems. The design of the TOR underwent several modifications and repairs over the original OR design in terms of deploy ability, security, and efficiency. The TOR has been the largest deployed anonymity network ever, which consists of more than 1000 servers and even greater than an estimated 250,000 users in the coming years. The TOR helps to provide a running mode which tunnels all information over the TCP port which is often not filtered and usually is reserved for HTTP traffic. TOR is a network of virtual tunnels. It allows the people and groups to make advancement their privacy and security on the World Wide Web. It also allows the software developers to create new communication innovation which have built-in privacy features. TOR proves to be the foundation for a series of applications that allow organizations and peoples to share information over public networks without affe cting their privacy (Sharafeddine and Arid, 2011). The onion router is referred as such because of the nature of the encryption service which has layers like that of an onion. The original data is encrypted and re-encrypted hundreds times, then sent for successive TOR relays, where each of them decrypts layers of encryption before handing over the data over to the next relay and finally to its source. This absence of understanding of the data has to be understood and unscrambled in the period of transition. Onion router network are accesses via proxies which generally are routers maintaining public and private key pair. The public component is made known to the client. Proxies are used by unmodified internet applications to connect anonymously. Onion routing network was created to keep the connection and anonymity between the sender and receiver so that even though the receiver may be able to reply the message, they wont be able to identify the sender which is called an anonymous connection. It hides the connection status of any bein g and for respective purpose, from hackers who eavesdrop or compromise the OR on the network (S. Murali, Pandian Durai and M. Ariya, 2011). A starting application initiates a socket connection to an application specific proxy on an onion router. The proxy then judges the route by the construction of a layered data structure while sending it through the network. The next hop in the route is determined by each layer of the onion. It not only carries the next hop route information but each layer of the onion contains seed material to generate keys for crypting the data sent along the anonymous connection in the forward direction and opposite. An OR on receiving onion peels off its layers, it is able to identify the next hop, and therefore launches the embedded onion to that OR. After sending the data, the initiating applications proxy sends data through the anonymous connection on last onion router forwards data to another type of proxy on the machine called the responder proxy which c ompletes the connection from the onion routing network to responders. An extra layer of encryption is added for each onion in the route before sending it over a set of random connections. As the onion moves through the connection, each onion router removes a layer of encryption, which sends it to the receiver as plaintext. When sending the onion back to the initiator, the layering occurs in reverse order. (Peng, n.d.). The work process is same in case of the TOR, it is used to reduce the simple and sophisticated risks in the traffic by the distribution of the transactions overall on the internet, such that neither single point can connect the user to the data. It is same as retracing ones footsteps while being followed and also occasionally deleting the footsteps. The TOR takes a random pathway from the source to the destination to carry the data packets from the source to the destination. The functionality of the TOR client, is to pass the internet traffic route through the TORs network. The traffic travels through the relay sin network provided by the volunteers before it exits from the TOR network and arrives at the users destination. This will disband the internet service providers and the users from the ability to monitor the local network from viewing the websites being accessed by the user. It helps in the prevention of the websites from knowing the physical location or IP address as theyll see the IP address and location of the exit node which has been randomized. Even the relays have no idea who requested the traffic theyre passing along. All traffic within the TOR network is encrypted (Padmanabhan and Yang, n.d.). TOR can also be used for the purpose of random defamation, illegal leaks of sensitive information, and copyright infringement, the distribution of illegal porn content, the selling of banned products, money laundering, credit card fraud and identity theft are the purposes the black markets exploits the TOR infrastructure partly and in conjunction with Bitcoin, and TOR itself has been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously (Olston and Chi, 2003). Legitimate Use of Anonymous Web Browsing The need for the anonymity in the internet users occurred due to the following factors. As 90% of the 80,142 health-related web pages wait for the initiation of the HTTP requests to third-parties, oftentimes outside the view of the user. Some 70% of third-party requests transmit information on specific symptoms, treatments, and diseases in the URI string. Page visitors are at risk of their health interests being publicly identified as well as being blindly discriminated against by marketers. The increase of third party members made it possible for corporations to assemble dossiers on the health conditions of unwitting user (NOWACK, 2006). It is also used by the officers of law in order to browse the extremists websites without the worry to leave digital footprints and reveal that they are under investigation. It can also be used as anonymous tipping service for crime reporting by anonymous users. It helps to protect investigations, communications and intelligence gathering. Military agents on overseas mission also use anonymous browsing tool (TOR) to mask the sites they are visiting, thereby protecting themselves and the military operations and interests. The activists and the whistle blowers use anonymity in order to avoid organizational or government censorship. It also allows the activists to raise their voices and avoid persecutions and also report abuses from danger zones. It has also been used by the journalists to report corruption, protect research and sources online, allows people who actively challenge an institution or policy avoid the control of oppressive regime who try to limit what people say or do on the internet. Its helps internet users to research topics like AIDS, abortion, rape. It helps online forums and oppressed individuals to communicate, discuss private issues, get counselling and treatment such as addictions or drug abuse without fear of discrimination (Montgomery and Faloutsos, 2001). The anonymous use of the web browser can be used illegitimately in the following ways Cybercriminals currently use Online Financial Transaction (OFT) provides services in order to facilitate illicit and explicit online activities such as money laundering, narcotic exchanges, identity theft, and protection of ones identity, cybercriminals utilize the techniques anonymity for communication in combination with many online financial tools. This provides them to mask their impunity by the help of the protection of identity they enjoy from these tools (Levi, 2003). Transfer of illicit finance and information online among sources that cannot be identified is a problem fast developing in the global community as such actions influences extremists, criminals, , and terrorist groups who threaten our physical world (Leiva and Viv, 2013). Anynomosity can help criminals like credit-card scam causing criminals, forging of documents and money, weapons dealers, betting websites sites, market for every kind of vice one can imagine of, havens for hackers, illegal and disgusting porn should get chased off the Surface of Web (Leavitt, 2006). Challenges For Law Enforcement Bodies The Law enforcement officers and digital forensics investigators face challenges due to the untraceable nature of anonymous web browsing. OFTs pose a risk to law enforcement and intelligence agencies which is scaling every day because such anonymous deals are proving to be difficult to keep watch on and provide better opportunities to the criminals who threaten the physical world (Khanchana and Punithavalli, 2011). Many challenges are faced even by the investigative department of the law enforcement body as the digital evidences in case of a crime is un retrievable as the IP address of the user is unanimous. Which makes it untraceable or untrack able. In case of credit card theft it is impossible for the law enforcement to identify the buyer and the seller. The payment is difficult to trace as it has made use of online currency like bitcoins. The anonymity in anonymous tip lines would not allow law enforcement get the identity of the sender and it would hinder the verification of source and process of calling the anonymous tipper in as a witness in many court houses of the world. The illegal buyers and sellers dont exchange cash, or do have any form of banking records which will be available for investigators to subpoena. Warrants cannot be issued as they cannot be taken to court of law because of the human rights law and first amendment in respect to anonymity on the internet (Hirschfeld, 1997 ). The online commenters are exactly not known for their kind words as more people are reliant on social media and the internet service providers to communicate and collect information, it is necessary that certain laws should be amended in order to safeguard or prevent people from misusing the Internet's cloak of invisibility has been bullying the professionals and normal innocent people by making the false claims against remote businesses and elected officials (Henderson, 2012). Measures Against Its Misuse Measures that have be taken against the misuse of anonymous web browsing include the monitoring of exit nodes on TOR network to identify a user, blacklisting the TOR relay IPs, and disrupting the TOR network. By disrupting the TOR network timing and intersection attack to reveal the location of services (Hartman, Ackermann and Ackermann, 2005). Twitter now requests for phone number to verify identify if they want to create an account on twitter through the TOR network. A number of websites treat users from anonymity servers differently, e.g. Slashdot doesnt allow you post comment over TOR (Goldberg and Atallah, 2009). Janus is a Personalized Web Anonymizer which was the first system which made the professionals aware to provide users with an easy means of anonymous personalization for web browsing. Services of Janus as an intermediary object between a user and a web site, it achieves the goals of user identification and user privacy by automatically generating aliases for users, such aliases allow the user to login to their accounts using a pseudonym that hides the user s true identity. Janus does not indulges the user in the burden of inventing and remembering unique usernames and passwords for every website Moreover it will provide the appropriate usernames and passwords automatically. It has also proven to be a great authentication software which is safe from cyber-attacks (Garfinkel and Spafford, 2011). Foxy Proxy is a Firefox extension similar to Torbutton but its functionality is more advanced. It allows users faster enabling and disabling of any proxy server, and it allows the formation of convention admission control lists to stipulate that certain fields should always be accessed through TOR, with a dissimilar proxy, or straight. This has also been cooperative to the users in defence against misuse of the unidentified web browsing (Drk, Williamson and Carpendale, 2012). Measures Adopted Against Its Misuse The governing bodies of the countries are fast developing active measures to deal against the illegal practices of the anonymous web browsing like child pornography, encryption and the traceability of e-mails. The first measure would be to regulate the telephone industry in order to maintain subscriber and call information for fixed periods of time. It would be very beneficial for the lawmakers if the internet service providers also adopt a similar kind of approach for the retainment of the subscriber information and records for the screen names and the associated internetworking protocol numbers (Chen, 2005). Though the suggestions to limit anonymous infrastructures on the internet would disrupt free speech rights which have been recognised by the supreme courts long ago. Some countries are fixated at its efforts on evolving measures aimed at battling the sexual exploitation of children via the Internet. Contemplation is being given to the enrolment of a Code of Conduct for Internet providers and for the formation of a contact point for the detection of info of a paedophilic nature. Like in Finland, which has the highest per capita level of Internet access in the world, the approach of the authorities has been to seek to make regulation on the broadcast of illegal material contraption neutral. A Committee on Freedom of Speech Statute reported that among their approvals is the duration of an ISP Manager as a responsible editor and therefore hypothetically liable to prosecution for the communication of illegal material (Adair, Hartstein and Richard, 2010). Conclusion Every technological advancement in the recent times had its own share of advantages and disadvantages. Like that anonymous web browsing too provides benefits to the people who use it for the good of the common and bad for the people who use it in illegal means. The most important thing for the proper use of technology is the generation of awareness against among the people in order to educate them and instil good values. Though there are many measures being taken by the government to mitigate the ill effects of this technology in the society, but the society themselves have to change and stop the support of such actions. References Adair, S., Hartstein, B. and Richard, M. (2010).Malware Analyst's Cookbook and DVD. John Wiley Sons. Chen, W. (2005). Effect of Web-Browsing Interfaces in Web-Based Instruction: A Quantitative Study.IEEE Trans. Educ., 48(4), pp.652-657. Drk, M., Williamson, C. and Carpendale, S. (2012). Navigating tomorrow's web.TWEB, 6(3), pp.1-28. Garfinkel, S. and Spafford, G. (2011).Web Security, Privacy Commerce. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc. Goldberg, I. and Atallah, M. (2009).Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Dordrecht: Springer. Hartman, K., Ackermann, E. and Ackermann, E. (2005).Searching researching on the Internet the World Wide Web. Wilsonville, Or.: Franklin, Beedle. Henderson, L. (2012).Darknet. [S.l.: CreateSpace]. Hirschfeld, R. (1997).Financial cryptography. Berlin: Springer. Khanchana, R. and Punithavalli, M. (2011). Web Usage Mining for Predicting Users Browsing Behaviors by using FPCM Clustering.International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(5), pp.491-496. Leavitt, N. (2006). Browsing the 3D Web.Computer, 39(9), pp.18-21. Leiva, L. and Viv, R. (2013). Web browsing behavior analysis and interactive hypervideo.TWEB, 7(4), pp.1-28. Levi, A. (2003). How secure is secure Web browsing?.Commun. ACM, 46(7), p.152. Montgomery, A. and Faloutsos, C. (2001). Identifying Web browsing trends and patterns.Computer, 34(7), pp.94-95. NOWACK, B. (2006). CONFOTO: Browsing and annotating conference photos on the Semantic web.Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 4(4), pp.263-266. Olston, C. and Chi, E. (2003). ScentTrails.interactions, 10(5), p.9. Padmanabhan, B. and Yang, Y. (n.d.). Clickprints on the Web: Are There Signatures in Web Browsing Data?.SSRN Journal. Peng, K. (n.d.).Anonymous communication networks. Murali, S., Pandian Durai, A. and M. Ariya, M. (2011). NYMBLE A Safe System for Onion Router Networks.IJAR, 3(8), pp.261-263. Sharafeddine, S. and Arid, A. (2011). An empirical energy model for secure Web browsing over mobile devices.Security Comm. Networks, 5(9), pp.1037-1048. Tillwick, H. and Olivier, M. (2008). Bridging the gap between anonymous eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ mail and anonymous web browsing.Online Information Review, 32(1), pp.22-34. Xiao, X., Luo, Q., Hong, D., Fu, H., Xie, X. and Ma, W. (2009). Browsing on small displays by transforming Web pages into hierarchically structured subpages.TWEB, 3(1), pp.1-36. XIE, Y. (2007). Anomaly Detection Based on Web Users Browsing Behaviors.Journal of Software, 18(4), p.967. Yang, X., Xiang, P. and Shi, Y. (2009). Finding Users Interest Blocks using Significant Implicit Evidence for Web Browsing on Small Screen Devices.World Wide Web, 12(2), pp.213-234. Yu, S., Zhao, G., Dou, W. and James, S. (2012). Predicted Packet Padding for Anonymous Web Browsing Against Traffic Analysis Attacks.IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur., 7(4), pp.1381-1393.

Authorities Essay Example

Authorities Essay In every case being investigated, authorities are required to look into some information that will lead them to the decision to continue the investigation on a certain case. Such basic information is commonly referred to as the solvability factors. Solvability factors are being identified during the course of preliminary investigation, which is basic to the process in order to provide for the basis of determining who committed the crime (Urlacher, Gordon and Robert Duffy).Investigators in the process of prioritizing the cases to work on to also use solvability factors. In the investigative approach called the Triad Concept, solvability factors are being identified first, the availability of which will define the fate of the case.The more positive the available solvability factors are, the better will be the chance of the case to be placed in the high priority. Solvability Factors therefore serve as screening criteria for case investigation. â€Å"Case screening is designed to provid e sufficient information about a case at the earliest possible time in the investigative process in order to permit a decision to be made regarding the value of continuing an investigation† (Iowa City Police Department 1999). According to experts in the field, the outcomes of case screening will either be suspension or follow-up investigation of the case, wherein suspension are for those classified as uncompromising and if there the a reasonable probability of the case clearance, there will be follow up investigation to be conducted (Iowa City Police Department, General Order No. 91-07).In order for us to establish the importance of solvability factors, we need to look into the objective of the Investigative Case Screening Process wherein the identification of solvability factors is included. The general objectives are summarized as follows:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To establish the policies and procedures for determining whether to assign a case for additional follow-up investigation or to suspend any further investigation. From here, we can directly correlate the importance of solvability factors in establishing the basis for a decision on whether a case has to be suspended or a follow up operation should be conducted.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To define the responsibility and the accountability for the decision whether to assign to screen out a case.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To in order have a more manageable caseload that is ideal for solving cases. When solvability factors are identified, it will be easier for the investigators to screen the cases to be placed in high priority. That way, they will be able to maximize time and resources for cases of immediate action or proven to be worth the effort and time investment.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To assign for additional follow up investigation on those cases with sufficient solvability factors. Again the key to the follow up investigation is the availability of the solvability factors.5. To provide procedures for notifying crime victims of the cu rrent status of their case.In the course of the case screening process, solvability factors play significant role in weighing the severity of the crime. â€Å"Serious crimes that have the best chances of being solved are usually assigned before the less serious with little or no chance of being solved† (L. Siegel 2004). Siegel compared this process to the hospital emergency cases where a bleeding patient always have to be attended to in priority over less severe cases like a patient with sprain. This only suggests that solvability factors defy the rule of first come first served basis.Solvability factors also depend on the case being investigated. For example, in a robbery case, car plate number is held as significant factor while the color of the shirt may not be of significance since there will likely be similarities with such factor with other people not involved. Generally, cases being investigated are screened using the following general solvability factors, the importan ce of which still depends on the case (J. Ostenberg and R. Ward 2000):1. Reliable witness2. Suspect names3. Suspect described4. Suspect Location5. Suspect identified6. Suspect previously seen7. Suspect vehicle described8. Traceable property9. Significant m.o.10. Useable physical evidence11. Limited opportunity for anyone other than suspect to commit the crime.12. Offense may be solved with reasonable additional investigation effort.In the case screening procedures, solvability factors play a significant role in the skills of the investigation officers, as they are the primary persons assigned with the task of identifying and weighing of these factors. In all of the responsibilities of the investigation officer, solvability factors will always lead him to his success or failure as an investigation officer.In the investigation process, the solvability factors are also important as these are being used in the reconstruction of crimes. Because investigation of crimes aimed at collecting solid evidences that can solve the case, solvability factors offer a helping hand in figuring out or of making sense of the evidences available and what are yet to look for. In the course of crime reconstruction, solvability factors are being used regardless of the investigation methods employed: induction, deduction, abduction, synthesis, typology, hypothesis and theory. All of these methods make use of the solvability factors in order to come up with something significant data or evidences for the case. A factor or a collaboration of such factors may comes in the following forms according to Miethe and McKorcle (1998): ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patterns series of similarities that usually indicate the same person or the same modus operandi is involved in different crimes ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leads clues or breaks in the case that help move an investigation forward, usually something in a statement that was overlooked, or it could be something that comes up after a records search ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tips leads provided by whistleblowers or informants. Tips by definition involve specifics, like names, dates, places, addresses, phone numbers, or license plates ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theories these are beliefs about the case that take you in one direction, at the exclusion of other possible directions ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clues these are pieces of evidence that are consistent with the corpus delecti or elements of the crime believed to have been committed or that the suspect will eventually be charged with ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modus Operandi behaviors learned by the offender in order to successfully complete the crime ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Signature things about the case that represent the unique psychological or emotional characteristics of the offender.In whatever form does solvability factors fall on these terms, it is important to stress that these facto rs are being identified and collected with preferably of much prudence and diligence for a case to be solved at the most cost and time efficient manner. It is also important that we stress the fact that solvability factors be weighed not on the quantity available but of the quality of these factors relative to their contribution in the solving of the case. â€Å"The number and kind of facts, together with any ambiguity or doubt associated with them, determine the level of evidentiary value†(Rhodes Conley 1981).CONCLUSIONIn the course of course of case investigation, we have proven that solvability factors have been playing significant role in the case even as early as the case screening procedures. In the course of discussing the how and why these factors are being identified, we were able to find out that solvability factors are collected, classified and weighed according to their probable contribution in the solving of the case. By identifying the general types and example s of such factors, we were also able to justify that the quality of the factors are to be placed of higher importance than the quantity of the collected or identified factors. Solvability factors are also important in the process of crime reconstruction wherein these factors are being to used to link other data and evidences to make up the whole picture of the crime. In conclusion, this paper was able to establish the fact that solvability factors are the keys essential to the process of solving any case.

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Example

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Example Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Essay Topic: Arguable Second Treatise of Government In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt referred to a ‘New Deal’ for the American people, which instigated a series of economic countermeasures to promote relief, recovery and reform in The Unites States. His ‘New Deal’ was moderately successful in allowing The United States to emerge from The Great Depression; and, in turn, it addressed the flaws inherent to Capitalism. In the 1920s, the form of Financial Capitalism that operated was unsustainable. The Republican government preceding Roosevelt, through taking action, proved itself to be deficient in handling the crisis of The Great Depression. Further, ‘The New Deal’ attempted to alter the operation of Capitalism with immediate success. This process was further abetted by external, influential factors, such as the rise of globalism. Whilst, to an extent, successful in achieving the aims, it is perceivable that â€Å"The New Deal’ had the potential to effect a far superior outcome. Nevertheless, did expedite the recovery process, and attend to the flaws in Capitalism. In the United States in the 1920s, after successive Republican governments, Financial Capitalism had proven to be unsustainable. In his treatise, â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,† Adam Smith defined the role of government as ‘Laissez-Faire. ’ The chief proponent of this approach, the ‘Invisible Hand’ would, according to Smith, ensure self-regulation of the market. Republican president Calvin Coolidge, advocated Smith’s theory: â€Å"If you see ten troubles coming down the road, you can be sure that nine will run into the ditch and you will only have to battle with one. † (Clements, 2001, p. 132). : Coolidge’s perspective represents a typical conservative viewpoint from the era; and in light of the prosperity, these views on the role of the president were persuasive. This implies that the majority of problems would be eradicated by self-regulation of the economy. Coolidge’s reliance upon regulatory market-mechanisms and unpreparedness to deal with difficulties can be seen in Hoover’s response, â€Å"†¦ when the tenth trouble reached him he was wholly unprepared, and it had by that time acquired such momentum it spelled disaster,† (Sobel, 1998, p. 42). Hoover’s perspective is a far more moderate interpretation of Smith’s theories, in comparison with Coolidge. He explains that if problems in the economy were not countered promptly, they would be exacerbated. Under Coolidge, four problems emerged in Capitalism, but were not addressed: inequality of income distribution, foreign inability to pay loans, the formation of trusts, and stock- market speculation (Galbraith, 1958, p. 297). These factors created a volatile economy dependant upon consumer confidence. Jonathan Leonard’s recount of The Great Crash highlights this: â€Å"Horrified brokers watched the selling orders accumulate. It wasn’t a flood; it was a deluge,† (Leonard, 1939). As a primary recount, this source affords an insight into the fear that spread rapidly. When confidence fell, speculation provided downward leverage throwing Capitalism into a spiral, in which, market mechanisms ceased to functioning order to prevent the pervasion of these destructive factors during the 1920s, government intervention was necessary. Arguably, this phase was merely an accentuation of the cyclical Capitalist phenomenon; however, The Great Depression was a period of unprecedented ‘bust,’ and there was no evidence of the reassertion of the Capitalist cycle. Throughout the 1920s and The Great Depression, governmental regulation was necessary to preserve Capitalism from its inherent flaws. Herbert Hoover’s Republican government demonstrated knowledge of necessary reactionary measures but failed to implement them effectively, in turn, prolonging the depression. His failure serves to highlight the crucial nature of FDR’s New Deal. Hoover’s concerns were similar to those of his successor, Franklin Roosevelt; however, the means through which they were addressed differed. Hoover believed that the responsibility for the support of the impoverished lay solely in the private sector and voluntarism. Whilst the intended outcomes were the same, this was in direct opposition with Roosevelt’s policy of governmental deficient spending. Hoover’s policy, the ’Paradox of thrift;’ maintained budget surpluses at the expense of aggregate demand (McElvaine, 2000, p. 53). His failure to buoy the economy is apparent in advisor to Roosevelt, William Trufant Foster’s essay, ‘When a Horse Balks,’ which states that, â€Å"The administration had no plan to offer except futile reliance on rugged individuals. In place of disappearing dollars, it put into circulation nothing but cheering words†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foster, 1932, p. 2). Foster represents Keynesian economic theory, as such has a predisposition to criticise contradictory theories. Despite Hoover’s attempts to protect American jobs from foreign influences, the depression was further exacerbated by the implementation of The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930. Tariffs serve to endorse domestic produce and discourage imports; however, the Hawley-Smoot tariff increased foreign inability to pay war reparations to America, worsening the depression. In Black’s evaluation of the economy in 1931: â€Å"There was no sign whatever that the traditional oscillation of the business cycle was reasserting itself; all indicators had continued in free fall almost uninterruptedly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Black, 2003, p. 251). Black’s assessment highlights the failure of Capitalist tendencies to re-emerge in the economy. He also justifies the success of Roosevelt by contrasting the economy before and after his ascendency. Thus, this source bears inherent prejudice towards Hoover’s administration. It is arguable, however, that Hoover was elected too late for his actions to be effectual, and that irrespective of measures taken, the depression was irreversible. Nevertheless, Hoover’s measures were counter-productive, in that they caused the depression to deteriorate, and prevented the re-emergence of Capitalist ideals. In short, Hoover’s ineffectual containment of The Great Depression and resultant suppression of Capitalist tendencies highlights the necessity of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal was a series of ad hoc legislation aimed at creating a countercyclical force to turn the deteriorating depression into economic recovery, and, in the long term, economic reform. Roosevelt intended to reduce impoverishment through government deficit spending and decentralisation of wealth – a central characteristic of renowned economist, John Maynard Keynes’ economic theory. Keynes likened economic spending in a depression to that during war – a notion evident in his letter to Roosevelt, which stated that, â€Å"You, Mr. President, †¦ are free to engage in the interests of peace and prosperity the technique which hitherto has only been allowed to serve the purposes of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keynes, 1933, p. 1). By virtue of his expertise in economics, this source may be considered reliable, and pertinent. It was hoped that this would abbreviate The Great Depression. This decentralisation of wealth reduced inequality, which according to Cowie was necessary: â€Å" †¦ [Laissez-Faire was] the type of jungle law that permitted the bourgeoning of the already strong at the expense of the weak,† (Cowie, 1980, p. 130). As a secondary writer, Cowie’s work is not strained by the partiality inherent in primary sources. This demonstrates that unregulated Capitalism resulted in inequality equating to fewer jobs and lower consumerism, which hampered production, creating a downward cycle. In order to achieve these aims, New Deal legislation created ‘Alphabet Agencies’ such as the NRA, National Recovery Administration, which mobilised industry through the creation of jobs. Similarly, the FERA, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, provided employment through the allocation of $500 million to the unemployed (Clements, 2001). Arguably, Roosevelt was a fiscal conservative. And the New Deal did not represent true deficit budgeting. It is the case that Roosevelt promoted a ‘balance the budget’ approach to economics; however, in the case of The New Deal, he was unequivocally in favour of deficit spending. In summary, The New Deal was an economic programme, aimed at the provision of relief, recovery and reform, in order to allow Capitalism to function. The New Deal had limited success in that it provided relief for the impoverished, national economic recovery and partial reform; however these outcomes were not as substantial as those intended. The successes were due mainly to the optimism and buoyancy that it inspired, rather that the monetary measures taken. According to historian, Nevins, â€Å"†¦ as Roosevelt took these steps [of The New Deal] his courage†¦ his blithe optimism, infected the spirit of people,† (Nevins, 1965, p. 348). This insight represents a modern, revisionist perspective, which attributes the majority of Roosevelt’s success to his inspiration. This suggests that the focal point of Roosevelt’s action was not the action itself, but the spirit in which it was undertaken. In contrast, William Trufant Foster, a member of Roosevelt’s ‘Brains-Trust’ hypothesised that only monetary measures could prompt monetary recovery. Public optimism encouraged economic recovery: it transformed individualist America into a more social-minded nation in which welfare state principles were more readily embraced, and eradicated the defeatism which characterised Hoover’s presidency. However, the deficient nature of the economic programmes led to The New Deal being referred to by authoritative and pre-eminent US historian, William Leuchtenberg, as a â€Å"half-way revolution† (Graham Wander, 1985, p. 88). Criticisms were directed from both ends of the political spectrum: the ‘thunder on the left’ was a protest against the slow recovery and failure for true redistribution of wealth. Essentially, the left criticised The New Deal as being too moderate. The ‘thunder of the left’ denounced The New Deal as causing the d ebasement of the traditional American libertarian values. This view is expressed in a prominent criticism of The New Deal, which it states, â€Å"†¦ taking the people down the road to the welfare state – a road that would eventually end in socialism and therefore the negation of individual reedom,† (Gerald Athan, 1982, p. 291). In direct contrast with the view of Roosevelt, himself, who stated that The New Deal eradicated revolutionary tendencies, thus preventing Socialism. Whilst there was limited reform in the economy, the precedent of government intervention was the most far-reaching effect on Capitalism. However, depending upon the criteria of success, judgements of The New Deal differ. Nevertheless, informed analysis of The New Deal in light of Roosevelt’s aims is the most pertinent. In summary, the New Deal was partially successful in achieving the aims set forth by Roosevelt; however, the majority of this success resulted from the decline of defeatism from Hoover’s era. The limited success attributed to The New Deal was in part due to influences external to Franklin Roosevelt’s programme. Throughout the 1920s and 1920s, The United States was a protectionist nation. Towards the end of this era, there was a trend towards globalism, in which cooperation dominated. It is due to the collaborative effect of this cooperation that the achievements of The New Deal appear to be inflated. In synchronicity with The New Deal, similar programmes were operating under Fascist governments in Italy and Germany. Not only did Fascist rearmament, influence other economies under globalism, but it also compelled other nations to focus industrial efforts on armament production – stimulating the economy. Prior to the beginning of World War II, â€Å"The huge expenditures for weaponry clinched the Keynesian doctrine that government spending could underwrite prosperity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kennedy, 1999). This secondary source plays a key role in a revisionist theory questioning the success commonly attributed to The New Deal. This sentiment is supported strongly by that of esteemed historical economist Jeffry Frieden, who posited that â€Å"†¦ by [1937-1938]†¦it was hard to distinguish deficit spending for countercyclical purposes from preparations for rearmament† (Frieden, 2006, p. 235). As these views are not pervasive, there is little evidence to suggest that they are reliable; however, when in conjunction the reliability of these two sources is confirmed. The superior degree of foreign success under Keynesian economics serves to dilute Franklin Roosevelt’s success. In 1936, well before American emergence from The Great Depression, Germany had completely recovered. I, 1933, German unemployed amounted to 6 million; in 1939, this had reduced to 1 million (Overy, 1996, p. 108). However, this coincides with the purging of Jews from Germany, which would allow the unemployment to fill vacant jobs – skewing these figures. Meanwhile, The United States struggled to control rampant unemployment levels of 17. 2% (Folsom, 2009, p. 246). However, it must be considered that, initially, America adopted an isolationist policy in response to German aggression, and may have been less affected. Despite this, eventually, American rearmament saw unparalleled economic success. In summary, during The Great Depression, external influences forced action, external to The New Deal, which stimulated the economy, providing the inflated impression of The New Deal’s success. In conclusion, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal redefined the operation of Capitalism in The United States. It altered the operation of Financial Capitalism, from the prosperous 1920s, to a more sustainable form of Capitalism through governmental intervention. In spite of the detrimental failure of previous governments to abbreviate The Great Depression, Roosevelt’s New Deal inspired limited economic relief, recovery and reform; however, not to the extent it was originally intended. Further, external influences such as a Nazi rearmament in a newly formed global society created the illusion of a larger degree of success than was achieved in reality. It is hypothesised that The New Deal failed to achieve any radical modifications; nevertheless, it set a precedent for governmental intervention in the economy, and addressed the inherent flaws of Capitalism.

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal - Essay Example Burning any fossil fuel produces Carbon dioxide which contributes to the "Greenhouse effect†, thus increasing the temperature of the earth. Coal is even more dangerous, the burning of coal produces more Carbon dioxide then oil or gas along with Sulphur dioxide. Coal also needs to be burned in huge amount on constant basis thus making it the most polluting commercial power generating source in the world (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2008). However, in the recent years, it has been realized by scientists that the use huge amount of coal and other fossil fuels to produce cheap electricity has taken its toll on earth in the form of global warming, hence a number of more efficient and less polluting options have been considered and put into use by government around the world. There has also been a growing trend of exploring and using renewable energy options which produce zero pollution and are inexhaustible in contrast to coal and fossil fuel. One of the widely used renewable energy option is Hydro power. The purpose of this project is to establish whether hydro power can serve as a single source of energy for all the current and future needs of the world (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2008). ... One of the major problems that the world is facing right now is the shortage of energy, particularly electrical energy. With the high predicted population growth rate, it is expected that the demand of electricity will far outweighs any other type of energy demand. The problem that this research will attempt to solve is to determine if one of the alternative sources of power, namely hydropower, is in such abundance that it can be used to meet the future electricity demands of the world. The purpose of the Study The purpose this project is to determine the ways in which hydropower can be used to generate electricity on a massive scale. A secondary objective of this research is to demonstrate how GIS can be used to establish the potential of hydropower for electricity generation for global demands. This project will use high altitude imagery, maps and other data available through NASA and other resources for its analysis with both qualitative and quantitative research method will be us ed to carry out the evaluation in an effort to determine the suitability of hydropower. Literature Review According to the figures provided in World Energy Outlook released by International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2009, global electricity demand is growing at double the rate of overall energy use and it is expected that it will see a growth of 76% by 2030 (International Energy Agency, 2008). While conventional methods of electricity production such as fossil fuels provide an economical and readily available way of electricity generation, the tremendous amount of negative impact that they have on the environment (green house effect and global warming) as well as their

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Accounting - Essay Example It also caters to a wide variety of financial services like short and long term financing, credit cards, working capital, etc. UPS was founded in 1907 and has its origin in Atlanta, Georgia (United Parcel Services, Inc. (UPS) n.d.). Companies, big or small need to analyze how their business is faring. With big organizations like FedEx Express and UPS, whose operations are from continent to continent, the need to inform its creditors and stockholders how their respective financial operations are faring is essential to attract more solid investments in order to maintain overhead costs, increase yearly profits and gain the public trust for a better flow of business. To identify and project a company’s financial condition, financial ratio analysis is often used to evaluate the financial stability of a certain entity. Financial ration analysis falls into the following categories (Credit Research Foundation, 1999): By taking a look at the above sample computations for FedEx Express and UPS, the ratios indicate that both companies are adequately liquid and could cover up for any financial loss without losing their creditors’ investments. Using financial ratios to directly compare the financial standing of companies using a different accounting method or flow different accounting practices is not feasible. However, there is no world wide standard for calculating the data But if investment is to be made, a good investor would not only look at the financial statements and calculate ratios. Other factors must be taken into consideration like how long has the company been around, the stock value of the company and the coverage of its operations. Given the history of FedEx and UPS it could be seen that United Parcels Services, Inc. has been around longer being founded in 1907 while FedEx was found in 1971. However, investors also look at the fluctuation of stock prices of the company shares. The stock

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being Essay

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being - Essay Example Because of our limited understanding of reality, individuals create a personal perception of the truth of ultimate reality. The understanding of ultimate reality provides explanations of the causes of some phenomena such as living and non-living things in the universe. The explanations of the causes of existence make human beings create the meaning and purpose of life and living. For example, those who see the world from a religious viewpoint attribute the existence of a diverse universe to the works of an infinite Supreme Being. Thus, human beings come up with various attributes of the Supreme Being. Human beings derive the meaning and purpose of life from the perceived attributes of the Supreme Being. For the Christians, the purpose of living is to fulfill God’s creation. According to Goheen and Bartholomew (2008), the Bible is the true story of the world. It teaches that the definitive goal of the world is the establishment of God’s kingdom. Therefore, the Bible should be regarded as God’s message about how is working to resolve the world and all human beings. The practical implication of understanding ultimate reality is the emergence of various views that attempt to provide satisfactory explanations of existence. Each and every person creates their own individual perception of reality. The perceived individual reality helps in shaping the consensus reality of the human nature. Because of the limited powers of reasoning and experience, humans may not understand the entire diverse nature or even provide satisfactory explanations of its existence. It is such limitations of reasoning that make people resort to religion to explain what the basic human reasoning cannot provide. Therefore, what the human reasoning cannot explain is attributed to the Supreme Being. Human beings seek to understand themselves in relation to the ultimate nature. To understand the ultimate nature, an individual needs to understand God, the supreme being. Thus, God is strictly

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay Music has always had affects on human emotion. Music can make anyone feel anything. However, music might have a hidden effect. This is referring to the human cardiopulmonary system. Heart rate is the amount of times the heart pumps blood in one minute. Blood pressure is how hard the blood is pumped through arteries. This is important because one way to gauge a persons health is to look at heart rate and blood pressure. Higher blood pressure could mean the heart is working harder than it is supposed to or there is a clot somewhere. The frequency and the intensity of the music has been associated with the rise of blood pressure found in the study done by Sakamoto in the The Journal of Sound and Vibration. There are differences in the type of music(loud and soft) that is played and the heart rate of the individual listening to it like metal or screamo(in this experiment however it will be Merzbow, which is just loud noise and Mozart which is relatively melancholy) (Sakamoto 2002). Now t he opposite hypothesis can be made also. That soft music with a steady tempo can lower blood pressure and heart rate. This is found out by listening to classical genre of music, such as Mozart in this experiment. However, we do not know this is the case. At the University of California, San Diego, they proposed that listening to music would reduce post-stress blood pressure elevations(Chafin et al. 2004). So music could have an effect after a person already has or experienced high heart rate or blood pressure. There is a studying at Hiroshima University, that used the same technique used in this experiment. They used both excitative music and sedative music. What they found out is that excitative music raised heart rate and sedative music lowered it, but if it was a favorite genre, then the heart rate will always go down (Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). The hypothesis that the group doing this experiment is that the heart rate and blood pressure will not really change at all in the enviro nment that that experiment is taking place(the lab room). However, my hypothesis is that the louder and the more disorganized the music, the higher the blood pressure and heart rate as showing in Sakamotos experiment with loud music with high intensity peaks(Sakamoto 2002). The softer and more organized the music, heart rates and blood pressure would decrease as shown in the study by Iwanaga and Moroki when they tested sedative music that lowered heart rate(Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). This experiment is relevant to real life due to the fact that medical doctors can be using music as therapy to help lower heart rates and to allow people relax in modern medicine. If there is a way for music to control heart rate and blood pressure, it could be used as a treatment for heart diseases or just trying to bring down a high heart rate and blood pressure during a procedure. Materials and Methods: This experiment did not have very many materials that needed to be used. There was a stop watch(minute, second, millisecond), a blood pressure cuff(sphygmomanometer), speakers, and an ipod with an assortment of music genre(however only two songs were used in this experiment(Merzbow Noise and Mozart)). First off, you would put the pressure cuff onto one of the people in the paired up groups and allow them to settle. After that is done, the music is turned on(first run is soft music(in this case, Mozart)). When 30 seconds elapses, a measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate needs to be taken by pumping the sphygmomanometer up to 150 mm Hg and then stop to allow the pressure to be released for the machine to get a reading. When the sphygmomanometer shows a reading, record the heart rate and blood pressure(systolic over diastolic). And then repeat the entire process again at 90 seconds. After the data is recorded and the ipod is reset, the cuff is put on the other partner and the process is repeated while using the harder music(in this case, Merzbow). The second group however, has a run with hard music for the first two minutes then soft music for the last two minutes. The variables are the music and the order it is played. Also the different heart rates and blood pressure between each person. Three basal readings were taken and they are: HR1: 80, BP1: 146/80, HR2: 84, BP2 143/87, HR3 85, BP3 122/75.(HR- heart rate, BP, blood pressure(systolic/diastolic)) After the other readings are taken, there is a t test taken to see if any of the readings had statistical value using a TI-83 plus graphing calculator that has a simple sample t test program on it. Results: This experiment was to test the effects of music on heart rate and blood pressure. The results that came up after the experiment was over is that despite the type of music played in either order, the values of heart rate and blood pressure went down. During the experiment, the heart rate of most people were high, probably due to the stress of class. However, as the music started playing(either type of music Merzbow or Mozart) the heart rate and blood pressure went down in general. However, there was a more significant drop when the classical music was played. The graphs and the table show averaged data points from the raw data. Group 1 Group 2 Basal Heart Rate 76.85 74.56 Systolic 114.33 111.83 Diastolic 70.47 70.14 T Test Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) Heart Rate 0h 0m 30s 66.56 0h 0m 30s 65.92 Noise 0h 1m 30s 69.73 0h 1m 30s 67.17 0h 0m 30s Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) HR   Ã‚  t = 0.4866 0h 0m 30s 67.27 0h 0m 30s 64.58   Ã‚  df = 20   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.857 0h 1m 30s 67.73 0h 1m 30s 65.58 SBP   t = 0.1883 Systolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.89 0h 0m 30s 113.17   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.827 0h 1m 30s 108.55 0h 1m 30s 112.42 DBP t = 1.2785 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.45 0h 0m 30s 113.50   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 3.626 0h 1m 30s 110.73 0h 1m 30s 109.67 Diastolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) 0h 0m 30s 67.90 0h 0m 30s 69.43 0h 1m 30s 71.27 0h 1m 30s 68.83 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) 0h 0m 30s 74.55 0h 0m 30s 69.17 0h 1m 30s 71.00 0h 1m 30s 69.42 On some of the points on the data table(figure 1), especially the averaged heart rates actually got higher ,but only after the heart rate dropped from the base basal ratings. Also in a few of the graphs(mainly figure 5), there had seem to be an increase in the readings, but as stated before this could be due to outliers. According to the T Test that is preformed and showed in figure 1, this is exactly the case. Discussion: This experiment was conducted in order to figure out the effects of music on heart rate and pressure on people. My hypothesis was that the louder, more disorganized music would raise heart rate and blood pressure. The softer, more organized music would lower it. The results of the experiment showed that this is not the case. On the contrary, all of the music seemed to have lowered the blood pressure and the heart rate. But there were some averaged values which showed a little higher blood pressure and heart rates but this can be discredited due to the already high blood pressure and heart rates of some people, and when you average together these outliers with the average group, it will raise the average up. However, there was a more significant decrease of heart rate and blood pressure when the Mozart was playing in general if looking at the raw data. This could have been from the environment and the allowance of being able to relax in a stressful environment despite the music(i.e. b eing able to do nothing in a busy class room). The data showed that there were actually some higher blood pressures and heart rates. Another way to do this is to find people who are already relaxed and to measure their blood pressure and heart rate then. Then play music and see if there is a change when a variety of music is played. But according to Bernardi, Porta and Sleight meditative music can induce a relaxing effect which is actually corresponding to tempo(Bernardi et al. 2010). So if this was the case then the loud music should have the opposite effect as shown by Sakamotos experiment where they tested high intensity peaks in music and how it raised blood pressure due to the intense variation(Sakamoto 2002). There was no change in the data that was recorded. The equipment could have not been calibrated since there is a need to calibrate the electronic machines every once in awhile. Also there needed to be a longer period of time to listen to the music. Two minutes to listen t o a song is not likely to have a very big effect on anyone. The whole song should have been played to really see the effects of music. Lastly there needs to be more participants. Due to the low number of participants, there was not any statistically significant results as result of the t test. After this experiment the following conclusion can be inferred, that music does not have a predominant effect on heart rate and blood pressure and if there had to be a result, then all music would lower heart rate and blood pressure. Work Cited Chafin, Sky, Christenfeld, Nicholas, Gerin, William, Roy, Michael. 2004. Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British Journal of Healthy Psychology. 393. Iwanaga, Makoto PhD., Moroki, Youko. 1999. Stbjective and Physiological Responses to Music Stimul Controlled Over Activity and Preference. Journal of Music Therapy XXXVI. 26-38. L. Bernardi, C. Porta, P. Sleight. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. http://heart.bmj.com/content/92/4/445.full?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=music+sleightandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT. September 26th, 2010. Sakamoto, H., Psycho-circulatory Responses caused by Listening to Music, and Exposure to Fluctuation Noise or Steady Noise, The Journal of Sound and Vibration, 5 September, 2002. V 250(1), 23-29. Sokoloski, Erica Smith, Weedman, Donna. 2009. Biology of Organisms 5th Edition. Ohio: Cengage Learning.

Celebrity Politics And Politics Of Celebrities In The Philippines Essay

Compared to the makibaka generation of the 70’s, ours is relatively apathetic to political matters. This is somehow attributable to the modern set-up of Philippine news broadcasting and advertising. Do you know what PDAF is? How about a storm surge? Before the Yellow Revolution in 1986, a distinct line was established to separate the primetime news from show business news. To keep yourself informed in both, you have to watch the professional reporter Harry Gasser in NewsWatch and the entertaining chikadora Inday Badiday in Eye to Eye. Nowadays, you can be updated by watching a single program. In Bandila, Boy Abunda can be found sitting side by side, laughing and sharing banters with primetime news reporters Karen Davila, Ces Drilon and Julius Babao. As observed by Jean Encinas-Franco, a political scientist in UP, it just shows how serious news and celebrity gossips managed to intertwine over a few years. Furthermore, it suggests that the former and the latter are now equal in terms of importance. Our interest is diverted. Even if we are presented with political issues that require our attention, we often turn a blind eye and immerse ourselves with trivial matters. Do you think Ping Lacson is gay? Is the president dating again? In the context of the Philippine society today, the subject of politics is enough to make one cringe. The word almost always comes with the word corruption. This phenomenon is intensified by the negative portrayal of our â€Å"authority† on television. A study by psychologist Bruce Levine shows that watching TV, which is a national pastime in the Philippines, pacifies the mind, making it more passive and more susceptible to information-feeding. We are constantly informed of how unprofessional our government is ... ... deem it as pointless to gain unbeneficial knowledge. This rationalization of ignorance results in political nonparticipation. Works Cited Encinas-Franco, J. (n.d.). Celebrity Politics And Politics Of Celebrities In The Philippines. Retrieved from http://halalan.up.edu.ph/index.php/viewpoints/by-professors/167-celebrity-politics-and-politics-of-celebrities-in-the-philippines Levine, B. (n.d.). Does TV Help Make Americans Passive and Accepting of Authority?. Alternet. Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.alternet.org/culture/does-tv-help-make-americans-passive-and-accepting-authority?page=0%2C3 Morgan, N. (2013, March 7). How to Master Yourself, Your Unconscious, and the People Around You -- 3. Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2013, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorgan/2013/03/07/how-to-master-yourself-your-unconscious-and-the-people-around-you-3/