Authorities Essay Example

Authorities Essay In every case being investigated, authorities are required to look into some information that will lead them to the decision to continue the investigation on a certain case. Such basic information is commonly referred to as the solvability factors. Solvability factors are being identified during the course of preliminary investigation, which is basic to the process in order to provide for the basis of determining who committed the crime (Urlacher, Gordon and Robert Duffy).Investigators in the process of prioritizing the cases to work on to also use solvability factors. In the investigative approach called the Triad Concept, solvability factors are being identified first, the availability of which will define the fate of the case.The more positive the available solvability factors are, the better will be the chance of the case to be placed in the high priority. Solvability Factors therefore serve as screening criteria for case investigation. â€Å"Case screening is designed to provid e sufficient information about a case at the earliest possible time in the investigative process in order to permit a decision to be made regarding the value of continuing an investigation† (Iowa City Police Department 1999). According to experts in the field, the outcomes of case screening will either be suspension or follow-up investigation of the case, wherein suspension are for those classified as uncompromising and if there the a reasonable probability of the case clearance, there will be follow up investigation to be conducted (Iowa City Police Department, General Order No. 91-07).In order for us to establish the importance of solvability factors, we need to look into the objective of the Investigative Case Screening Process wherein the identification of solvability factors is included. The general objectives are summarized as follows:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To establish the policies and procedures for determining whether to assign a case for additional follow-up investigation or to suspend any further investigation. From here, we can directly correlate the importance of solvability factors in establishing the basis for a decision on whether a case has to be suspended or a follow up operation should be conducted.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To define the responsibility and the accountability for the decision whether to assign to screen out a case.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To in order have a more manageable caseload that is ideal for solving cases. When solvability factors are identified, it will be easier for the investigators to screen the cases to be placed in high priority. That way, they will be able to maximize time and resources for cases of immediate action or proven to be worth the effort and time investment.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To assign for additional follow up investigation on those cases with sufficient solvability factors. Again the key to the follow up investigation is the availability of the solvability factors.5. To provide procedures for notifying crime victims of the cu rrent status of their case.In the course of the case screening process, solvability factors play significant role in weighing the severity of the crime. â€Å"Serious crimes that have the best chances of being solved are usually assigned before the less serious with little or no chance of being solved† (L. Siegel 2004). Siegel compared this process to the hospital emergency cases where a bleeding patient always have to be attended to in priority over less severe cases like a patient with sprain. This only suggests that solvability factors defy the rule of first come first served basis.Solvability factors also depend on the case being investigated. For example, in a robbery case, car plate number is held as significant factor while the color of the shirt may not be of significance since there will likely be similarities with such factor with other people not involved. Generally, cases being investigated are screened using the following general solvability factors, the importan ce of which still depends on the case (J. Ostenberg and R. Ward 2000):1. Reliable witness2. Suspect names3. Suspect described4. Suspect Location5. Suspect identified6. Suspect previously seen7. Suspect vehicle described8. Traceable property9. Significant m.o.10. Useable physical evidence11. Limited opportunity for anyone other than suspect to commit the crime.12. Offense may be solved with reasonable additional investigation effort.In the case screening procedures, solvability factors play a significant role in the skills of the investigation officers, as they are the primary persons assigned with the task of identifying and weighing of these factors. In all of the responsibilities of the investigation officer, solvability factors will always lead him to his success or failure as an investigation officer.In the investigation process, the solvability factors are also important as these are being used in the reconstruction of crimes. Because investigation of crimes aimed at collecting solid evidences that can solve the case, solvability factors offer a helping hand in figuring out or of making sense of the evidences available and what are yet to look for. In the course of crime reconstruction, solvability factors are being used regardless of the investigation methods employed: induction, deduction, abduction, synthesis, typology, hypothesis and theory. All of these methods make use of the solvability factors in order to come up with something significant data or evidences for the case. A factor or a collaboration of such factors may comes in the following forms according to Miethe and McKorcle (1998): ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patterns series of similarities that usually indicate the same person or the same modus operandi is involved in different crimes ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leads clues or breaks in the case that help move an investigation forward, usually something in a statement that was overlooked, or it could be something that comes up after a records search ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tips leads provided by whistleblowers or informants. Tips by definition involve specifics, like names, dates, places, addresses, phone numbers, or license plates ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theories these are beliefs about the case that take you in one direction, at the exclusion of other possible directions ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clues these are pieces of evidence that are consistent with the corpus delecti or elements of the crime believed to have been committed or that the suspect will eventually be charged with ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modus Operandi behaviors learned by the offender in order to successfully complete the crime ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Signature things about the case that represent the unique psychological or emotional characteristics of the offender.In whatever form does solvability factors fall on these terms, it is important to stress that these facto rs are being identified and collected with preferably of much prudence and diligence for a case to be solved at the most cost and time efficient manner. It is also important that we stress the fact that solvability factors be weighed not on the quantity available but of the quality of these factors relative to their contribution in the solving of the case. â€Å"The number and kind of facts, together with any ambiguity or doubt associated with them, determine the level of evidentiary value†(Rhodes Conley 1981).CONCLUSIONIn the course of course of case investigation, we have proven that solvability factors have been playing significant role in the case even as early as the case screening procedures. In the course of discussing the how and why these factors are being identified, we were able to find out that solvability factors are collected, classified and weighed according to their probable contribution in the solving of the case. By identifying the general types and example s of such factors, we were also able to justify that the quality of the factors are to be placed of higher importance than the quantity of the collected or identified factors. Solvability factors are also important in the process of crime reconstruction wherein these factors are being to used to link other data and evidences to make up the whole picture of the crime. In conclusion, this paper was able to establish the fact that solvability factors are the keys essential to the process of solving any case.

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Example

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Example Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Essay Topic: Arguable Second Treatise of Government In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt referred to a ‘New Deal’ for the American people, which instigated a series of economic countermeasures to promote relief, recovery and reform in The Unites States. His ‘New Deal’ was moderately successful in allowing The United States to emerge from The Great Depression; and, in turn, it addressed the flaws inherent to Capitalism. In the 1920s, the form of Financial Capitalism that operated was unsustainable. The Republican government preceding Roosevelt, through taking action, proved itself to be deficient in handling the crisis of The Great Depression. Further, ‘The New Deal’ attempted to alter the operation of Capitalism with immediate success. This process was further abetted by external, influential factors, such as the rise of globalism. Whilst, to an extent, successful in achieving the aims, it is perceivable that â€Å"The New Deal’ had the potential to effect a far superior outcome. Nevertheless, did expedite the recovery process, and attend to the flaws in Capitalism. In the United States in the 1920s, after successive Republican governments, Financial Capitalism had proven to be unsustainable. In his treatise, â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,† Adam Smith defined the role of government as ‘Laissez-Faire. ’ The chief proponent of this approach, the ‘Invisible Hand’ would, according to Smith, ensure self-regulation of the market. Republican president Calvin Coolidge, advocated Smith’s theory: â€Å"If you see ten troubles coming down the road, you can be sure that nine will run into the ditch and you will only have to battle with one. † (Clements, 2001, p. 132). : Coolidge’s perspective represents a typical conservative viewpoint from the era; and in light of the prosperity, these views on the role of the president were persuasive. This implies that the majority of problems would be eradicated by self-regulation of the economy. Coolidge’s reliance upon regulatory market-mechanisms and unpreparedness to deal with difficulties can be seen in Hoover’s response, â€Å"†¦ when the tenth trouble reached him he was wholly unprepared, and it had by that time acquired such momentum it spelled disaster,† (Sobel, 1998, p. 42). Hoover’s perspective is a far more moderate interpretation of Smith’s theories, in comparison with Coolidge. He explains that if problems in the economy were not countered promptly, they would be exacerbated. Under Coolidge, four problems emerged in Capitalism, but were not addressed: inequality of income distribution, foreign inability to pay loans, the formation of trusts, and stock- market speculation (Galbraith, 1958, p. 297). These factors created a volatile economy dependant upon consumer confidence. Jonathan Leonard’s recount of The Great Crash highlights this: â€Å"Horrified brokers watched the selling orders accumulate. It wasn’t a flood; it was a deluge,† (Leonard, 1939). As a primary recount, this source affords an insight into the fear that spread rapidly. When confidence fell, speculation provided downward leverage throwing Capitalism into a spiral, in which, market mechanisms ceased to functioning order to prevent the pervasion of these destructive factors during the 1920s, government intervention was necessary. Arguably, this phase was merely an accentuation of the cyclical Capitalist phenomenon; however, The Great Depression was a period of unprecedented ‘bust,’ and there was no evidence of the reassertion of the Capitalist cycle. Throughout the 1920s and The Great Depression, governmental regulation was necessary to preserve Capitalism from its inherent flaws. Herbert Hoover’s Republican government demonstrated knowledge of necessary reactionary measures but failed to implement them effectively, in turn, prolonging the depression. His failure serves to highlight the crucial nature of FDR’s New Deal. Hoover’s concerns were similar to those of his successor, Franklin Roosevelt; however, the means through which they were addressed differed. Hoover believed that the responsibility for the support of the impoverished lay solely in the private sector and voluntarism. Whilst the intended outcomes were the same, this was in direct opposition with Roosevelt’s policy of governmental deficient spending. Hoover’s policy, the ’Paradox of thrift;’ maintained budget surpluses at the expense of aggregate demand (McElvaine, 2000, p. 53). His failure to buoy the economy is apparent in advisor to Roosevelt, William Trufant Foster’s essay, ‘When a Horse Balks,’ which states that, â€Å"The administration had no plan to offer except futile reliance on rugged individuals. In place of disappearing dollars, it put into circulation nothing but cheering words†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foster, 1932, p. 2). Foster represents Keynesian economic theory, as such has a predisposition to criticise contradictory theories. Despite Hoover’s attempts to protect American jobs from foreign influences, the depression was further exacerbated by the implementation of The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930. Tariffs serve to endorse domestic produce and discourage imports; however, the Hawley-Smoot tariff increased foreign inability to pay war reparations to America, worsening the depression. In Black’s evaluation of the economy in 1931: â€Å"There was no sign whatever that the traditional oscillation of the business cycle was reasserting itself; all indicators had continued in free fall almost uninterruptedly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Black, 2003, p. 251). Black’s assessment highlights the failure of Capitalist tendencies to re-emerge in the economy. He also justifies the success of Roosevelt by contrasting the economy before and after his ascendency. Thus, this source bears inherent prejudice towards Hoover’s administration. It is arguable, however, that Hoover was elected too late for his actions to be effectual, and that irrespective of measures taken, the depression was irreversible. Nevertheless, Hoover’s measures were counter-productive, in that they caused the depression to deteriorate, and prevented the re-emergence of Capitalist ideals. In short, Hoover’s ineffectual containment of The Great Depression and resultant suppression of Capitalist tendencies highlights the necessity of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal was a series of ad hoc legislation aimed at creating a countercyclical force to turn the deteriorating depression into economic recovery, and, in the long term, economic reform. Roosevelt intended to reduce impoverishment through government deficit spending and decentralisation of wealth – a central characteristic of renowned economist, John Maynard Keynes’ economic theory. Keynes likened economic spending in a depression to that during war – a notion evident in his letter to Roosevelt, which stated that, â€Å"You, Mr. President, †¦ are free to engage in the interests of peace and prosperity the technique which hitherto has only been allowed to serve the purposes of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keynes, 1933, p. 1). By virtue of his expertise in economics, this source may be considered reliable, and pertinent. It was hoped that this would abbreviate The Great Depression. This decentralisation of wealth reduced inequality, which according to Cowie was necessary: â€Å" †¦ [Laissez-Faire was] the type of jungle law that permitted the bourgeoning of the already strong at the expense of the weak,† (Cowie, 1980, p. 130). As a secondary writer, Cowie’s work is not strained by the partiality inherent in primary sources. This demonstrates that unregulated Capitalism resulted in inequality equating to fewer jobs and lower consumerism, which hampered production, creating a downward cycle. In order to achieve these aims, New Deal legislation created ‘Alphabet Agencies’ such as the NRA, National Recovery Administration, which mobilised industry through the creation of jobs. Similarly, the FERA, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, provided employment through the allocation of $500 million to the unemployed (Clements, 2001). Arguably, Roosevelt was a fiscal conservative. And the New Deal did not represent true deficit budgeting. It is the case that Roosevelt promoted a ‘balance the budget’ approach to economics; however, in the case of The New Deal, he was unequivocally in favour of deficit spending. In summary, The New Deal was an economic programme, aimed at the provision of relief, recovery and reform, in order to allow Capitalism to function. The New Deal had limited success in that it provided relief for the impoverished, national economic recovery and partial reform; however these outcomes were not as substantial as those intended. The successes were due mainly to the optimism and buoyancy that it inspired, rather that the monetary measures taken. According to historian, Nevins, â€Å"†¦ as Roosevelt took these steps [of The New Deal] his courage†¦ his blithe optimism, infected the spirit of people,† (Nevins, 1965, p. 348). This insight represents a modern, revisionist perspective, which attributes the majority of Roosevelt’s success to his inspiration. This suggests that the focal point of Roosevelt’s action was not the action itself, but the spirit in which it was undertaken. In contrast, William Trufant Foster, a member of Roosevelt’s ‘Brains-Trust’ hypothesised that only monetary measures could prompt monetary recovery. Public optimism encouraged economic recovery: it transformed individualist America into a more social-minded nation in which welfare state principles were more readily embraced, and eradicated the defeatism which characterised Hoover’s presidency. However, the deficient nature of the economic programmes led to The New Deal being referred to by authoritative and pre-eminent US historian, William Leuchtenberg, as a â€Å"half-way revolution† (Graham Wander, 1985, p. 88). Criticisms were directed from both ends of the political spectrum: the ‘thunder on the left’ was a protest against the slow recovery and failure for true redistribution of wealth. Essentially, the left criticised The New Deal as being too moderate. The ‘thunder of the left’ denounced The New Deal as causing the d ebasement of the traditional American libertarian values. This view is expressed in a prominent criticism of The New Deal, which it states, â€Å"†¦ taking the people down the road to the welfare state – a road that would eventually end in socialism and therefore the negation of individual reedom,† (Gerald Athan, 1982, p. 291). In direct contrast with the view of Roosevelt, himself, who stated that The New Deal eradicated revolutionary tendencies, thus preventing Socialism. Whilst there was limited reform in the economy, the precedent of government intervention was the most far-reaching effect on Capitalism. However, depending upon the criteria of success, judgements of The New Deal differ. Nevertheless, informed analysis of The New Deal in light of Roosevelt’s aims is the most pertinent. In summary, the New Deal was partially successful in achieving the aims set forth by Roosevelt; however, the majority of this success resulted from the decline of defeatism from Hoover’s era. The limited success attributed to The New Deal was in part due to influences external to Franklin Roosevelt’s programme. Throughout the 1920s and 1920s, The United States was a protectionist nation. Towards the end of this era, there was a trend towards globalism, in which cooperation dominated. It is due to the collaborative effect of this cooperation that the achievements of The New Deal appear to be inflated. In synchronicity with The New Deal, similar programmes were operating under Fascist governments in Italy and Germany. Not only did Fascist rearmament, influence other economies under globalism, but it also compelled other nations to focus industrial efforts on armament production – stimulating the economy. Prior to the beginning of World War II, â€Å"The huge expenditures for weaponry clinched the Keynesian doctrine that government spending could underwrite prosperity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kennedy, 1999). This secondary source plays a key role in a revisionist theory questioning the success commonly attributed to The New Deal. This sentiment is supported strongly by that of esteemed historical economist Jeffry Frieden, who posited that â€Å"†¦ by [1937-1938]†¦it was hard to distinguish deficit spending for countercyclical purposes from preparations for rearmament† (Frieden, 2006, p. 235). As these views are not pervasive, there is little evidence to suggest that they are reliable; however, when in conjunction the reliability of these two sources is confirmed. The superior degree of foreign success under Keynesian economics serves to dilute Franklin Roosevelt’s success. In 1936, well before American emergence from The Great Depression, Germany had completely recovered. I, 1933, German unemployed amounted to 6 million; in 1939, this had reduced to 1 million (Overy, 1996, p. 108). However, this coincides with the purging of Jews from Germany, which would allow the unemployment to fill vacant jobs – skewing these figures. Meanwhile, The United States struggled to control rampant unemployment levels of 17. 2% (Folsom, 2009, p. 246). However, it must be considered that, initially, America adopted an isolationist policy in response to German aggression, and may have been less affected. Despite this, eventually, American rearmament saw unparalleled economic success. In summary, during The Great Depression, external influences forced action, external to The New Deal, which stimulated the economy, providing the inflated impression of The New Deal’s success. In conclusion, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal redefined the operation of Capitalism in The United States. It altered the operation of Financial Capitalism, from the prosperous 1920s, to a more sustainable form of Capitalism through governmental intervention. In spite of the detrimental failure of previous governments to abbreviate The Great Depression, Roosevelt’s New Deal inspired limited economic relief, recovery and reform; however, not to the extent it was originally intended. Further, external influences such as a Nazi rearmament in a newly formed global society created the illusion of a larger degree of success than was achieved in reality. It is hypothesised that The New Deal failed to achieve any radical modifications; nevertheless, it set a precedent for governmental intervention in the economy, and addressed the inherent flaws of Capitalism.

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal - Essay Example Burning any fossil fuel produces Carbon dioxide which contributes to the "Greenhouse effect†, thus increasing the temperature of the earth. Coal is even more dangerous, the burning of coal produces more Carbon dioxide then oil or gas along with Sulphur dioxide. Coal also needs to be burned in huge amount on constant basis thus making it the most polluting commercial power generating source in the world (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2008). However, in the recent years, it has been realized by scientists that the use huge amount of coal and other fossil fuels to produce cheap electricity has taken its toll on earth in the form of global warming, hence a number of more efficient and less polluting options have been considered and put into use by government around the world. There has also been a growing trend of exploring and using renewable energy options which produce zero pollution and are inexhaustible in contrast to coal and fossil fuel. One of the widely used renewable energy option is Hydro power. The purpose of this project is to establish whether hydro power can serve as a single source of energy for all the current and future needs of the world (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2008). ... One of the major problems that the world is facing right now is the shortage of energy, particularly electrical energy. With the high predicted population growth rate, it is expected that the demand of electricity will far outweighs any other type of energy demand. The problem that this research will attempt to solve is to determine if one of the alternative sources of power, namely hydropower, is in such abundance that it can be used to meet the future electricity demands of the world. The purpose of the Study The purpose this project is to determine the ways in which hydropower can be used to generate electricity on a massive scale. A secondary objective of this research is to demonstrate how GIS can be used to establish the potential of hydropower for electricity generation for global demands. This project will use high altitude imagery, maps and other data available through NASA and other resources for its analysis with both qualitative and quantitative research method will be us ed to carry out the evaluation in an effort to determine the suitability of hydropower. Literature Review According to the figures provided in World Energy Outlook released by International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2009, global electricity demand is growing at double the rate of overall energy use and it is expected that it will see a growth of 76% by 2030 (International Energy Agency, 2008). While conventional methods of electricity production such as fossil fuels provide an economical and readily available way of electricity generation, the tremendous amount of negative impact that they have on the environment (green house effect and global warming) as well as their

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Accounting - Essay Example It also caters to a wide variety of financial services like short and long term financing, credit cards, working capital, etc. UPS was founded in 1907 and has its origin in Atlanta, Georgia (United Parcel Services, Inc. (UPS) n.d.). Companies, big or small need to analyze how their business is faring. With big organizations like FedEx Express and UPS, whose operations are from continent to continent, the need to inform its creditors and stockholders how their respective financial operations are faring is essential to attract more solid investments in order to maintain overhead costs, increase yearly profits and gain the public trust for a better flow of business. To identify and project a company’s financial condition, financial ratio analysis is often used to evaluate the financial stability of a certain entity. Financial ration analysis falls into the following categories (Credit Research Foundation, 1999): By taking a look at the above sample computations for FedEx Express and UPS, the ratios indicate that both companies are adequately liquid and could cover up for any financial loss without losing their creditors’ investments. Using financial ratios to directly compare the financial standing of companies using a different accounting method or flow different accounting practices is not feasible. However, there is no world wide standard for calculating the data But if investment is to be made, a good investor would not only look at the financial statements and calculate ratios. Other factors must be taken into consideration like how long has the company been around, the stock value of the company and the coverage of its operations. Given the history of FedEx and UPS it could be seen that United Parcels Services, Inc. has been around longer being founded in 1907 while FedEx was found in 1971. However, investors also look at the fluctuation of stock prices of the company shares. The stock

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being Essay

Ultimate Reality and the Nature of a Human Being - Essay Example Because of our limited understanding of reality, individuals create a personal perception of the truth of ultimate reality. The understanding of ultimate reality provides explanations of the causes of some phenomena such as living and non-living things in the universe. The explanations of the causes of existence make human beings create the meaning and purpose of life and living. For example, those who see the world from a religious viewpoint attribute the existence of a diverse universe to the works of an infinite Supreme Being. Thus, human beings come up with various attributes of the Supreme Being. Human beings derive the meaning and purpose of life from the perceived attributes of the Supreme Being. For the Christians, the purpose of living is to fulfill God’s creation. According to Goheen and Bartholomew (2008), the Bible is the true story of the world. It teaches that the definitive goal of the world is the establishment of God’s kingdom. Therefore, the Bible should be regarded as God’s message about how is working to resolve the world and all human beings. The practical implication of understanding ultimate reality is the emergence of various views that attempt to provide satisfactory explanations of existence. Each and every person creates their own individual perception of reality. The perceived individual reality helps in shaping the consensus reality of the human nature. Because of the limited powers of reasoning and experience, humans may not understand the entire diverse nature or even provide satisfactory explanations of its existence. It is such limitations of reasoning that make people resort to religion to explain what the basic human reasoning cannot provide. Therefore, what the human reasoning cannot explain is attributed to the Supreme Being. Human beings seek to understand themselves in relation to the ultimate nature. To understand the ultimate nature, an individual needs to understand God, the supreme being. Thus, God is strictly

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay Music has always had affects on human emotion. Music can make anyone feel anything. However, music might have a hidden effect. This is referring to the human cardiopulmonary system. Heart rate is the amount of times the heart pumps blood in one minute. Blood pressure is how hard the blood is pumped through arteries. This is important because one way to gauge a persons health is to look at heart rate and blood pressure. Higher blood pressure could mean the heart is working harder than it is supposed to or there is a clot somewhere. The frequency and the intensity of the music has been associated with the rise of blood pressure found in the study done by Sakamoto in the The Journal of Sound and Vibration. There are differences in the type of music(loud and soft) that is played and the heart rate of the individual listening to it like metal or screamo(in this experiment however it will be Merzbow, which is just loud noise and Mozart which is relatively melancholy) (Sakamoto 2002). Now t he opposite hypothesis can be made also. That soft music with a steady tempo can lower blood pressure and heart rate. This is found out by listening to classical genre of music, such as Mozart in this experiment. However, we do not know this is the case. At the University of California, San Diego, they proposed that listening to music would reduce post-stress blood pressure elevations(Chafin et al. 2004). So music could have an effect after a person already has or experienced high heart rate or blood pressure. There is a studying at Hiroshima University, that used the same technique used in this experiment. They used both excitative music and sedative music. What they found out is that excitative music raised heart rate and sedative music lowered it, but if it was a favorite genre, then the heart rate will always go down (Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). The hypothesis that the group doing this experiment is that the heart rate and blood pressure will not really change at all in the enviro nment that that experiment is taking place(the lab room). However, my hypothesis is that the louder and the more disorganized the music, the higher the blood pressure and heart rate as showing in Sakamotos experiment with loud music with high intensity peaks(Sakamoto 2002). The softer and more organized the music, heart rates and blood pressure would decrease as shown in the study by Iwanaga and Moroki when they tested sedative music that lowered heart rate(Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). This experiment is relevant to real life due to the fact that medical doctors can be using music as therapy to help lower heart rates and to allow people relax in modern medicine. If there is a way for music to control heart rate and blood pressure, it could be used as a treatment for heart diseases or just trying to bring down a high heart rate and blood pressure during a procedure. Materials and Methods: This experiment did not have very many materials that needed to be used. There was a stop watch(minute, second, millisecond), a blood pressure cuff(sphygmomanometer), speakers, and an ipod with an assortment of music genre(however only two songs were used in this experiment(Merzbow Noise and Mozart)). First off, you would put the pressure cuff onto one of the people in the paired up groups and allow them to settle. After that is done, the music is turned on(first run is soft music(in this case, Mozart)). When 30 seconds elapses, a measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate needs to be taken by pumping the sphygmomanometer up to 150 mm Hg and then stop to allow the pressure to be released for the machine to get a reading. When the sphygmomanometer shows a reading, record the heart rate and blood pressure(systolic over diastolic). And then repeat the entire process again at 90 seconds. After the data is recorded and the ipod is reset, the cuff is put on the other partner and the process is repeated while using the harder music(in this case, Merzbow). The second group however, has a run with hard music for the first two minutes then soft music for the last two minutes. The variables are the music and the order it is played. Also the different heart rates and blood pressure between each person. Three basal readings were taken and they are: HR1: 80, BP1: 146/80, HR2: 84, BP2 143/87, HR3 85, BP3 122/75.(HR- heart rate, BP, blood pressure(systolic/diastolic)) After the other readings are taken, there is a t test taken to see if any of the readings had statistical value using a TI-83 plus graphing calculator that has a simple sample t test program on it. Results: This experiment was to test the effects of music on heart rate and blood pressure. The results that came up after the experiment was over is that despite the type of music played in either order, the values of heart rate and blood pressure went down. During the experiment, the heart rate of most people were high, probably due to the stress of class. However, as the music started playing(either type of music Merzbow or Mozart) the heart rate and blood pressure went down in general. However, there was a more significant drop when the classical music was played. The graphs and the table show averaged data points from the raw data. Group 1 Group 2 Basal Heart Rate 76.85 74.56 Systolic 114.33 111.83 Diastolic 70.47 70.14 T Test Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) Heart Rate 0h 0m 30s 66.56 0h 0m 30s 65.92 Noise 0h 1m 30s 69.73 0h 1m 30s 67.17 0h 0m 30s Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) HR   Ã‚  t = 0.4866 0h 0m 30s 67.27 0h 0m 30s 64.58   Ã‚  df = 20   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.857 0h 1m 30s 67.73 0h 1m 30s 65.58 SBP   t = 0.1883 Systolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.89 0h 0m 30s 113.17   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.827 0h 1m 30s 108.55 0h 1m 30s 112.42 DBP t = 1.2785 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.45 0h 0m 30s 113.50   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 3.626 0h 1m 30s 110.73 0h 1m 30s 109.67 Diastolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) 0h 0m 30s 67.90 0h 0m 30s 69.43 0h 1m 30s 71.27 0h 1m 30s 68.83 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) 0h 0m 30s 74.55 0h 0m 30s 69.17 0h 1m 30s 71.00 0h 1m 30s 69.42 On some of the points on the data table(figure 1), especially the averaged heart rates actually got higher ,but only after the heart rate dropped from the base basal ratings. Also in a few of the graphs(mainly figure 5), there had seem to be an increase in the readings, but as stated before this could be due to outliers. According to the T Test that is preformed and showed in figure 1, this is exactly the case. Discussion: This experiment was conducted in order to figure out the effects of music on heart rate and pressure on people. My hypothesis was that the louder, more disorganized music would raise heart rate and blood pressure. The softer, more organized music would lower it. The results of the experiment showed that this is not the case. On the contrary, all of the music seemed to have lowered the blood pressure and the heart rate. But there were some averaged values which showed a little higher blood pressure and heart rates but this can be discredited due to the already high blood pressure and heart rates of some people, and when you average together these outliers with the average group, it will raise the average up. However, there was a more significant decrease of heart rate and blood pressure when the Mozart was playing in general if looking at the raw data. This could have been from the environment and the allowance of being able to relax in a stressful environment despite the music(i.e. b eing able to do nothing in a busy class room). The data showed that there were actually some higher blood pressures and heart rates. Another way to do this is to find people who are already relaxed and to measure their blood pressure and heart rate then. Then play music and see if there is a change when a variety of music is played. But according to Bernardi, Porta and Sleight meditative music can induce a relaxing effect which is actually corresponding to tempo(Bernardi et al. 2010). So if this was the case then the loud music should have the opposite effect as shown by Sakamotos experiment where they tested high intensity peaks in music and how it raised blood pressure due to the intense variation(Sakamoto 2002). There was no change in the data that was recorded. The equipment could have not been calibrated since there is a need to calibrate the electronic machines every once in awhile. Also there needed to be a longer period of time to listen to the music. Two minutes to listen t o a song is not likely to have a very big effect on anyone. The whole song should have been played to really see the effects of music. Lastly there needs to be more participants. Due to the low number of participants, there was not any statistically significant results as result of the t test. After this experiment the following conclusion can be inferred, that music does not have a predominant effect on heart rate and blood pressure and if there had to be a result, then all music would lower heart rate and blood pressure. Work Cited Chafin, Sky, Christenfeld, Nicholas, Gerin, William, Roy, Michael. 2004. Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British Journal of Healthy Psychology. 393. Iwanaga, Makoto PhD., Moroki, Youko. 1999. Stbjective and Physiological Responses to Music Stimul Controlled Over Activity and Preference. Journal of Music Therapy XXXVI. 26-38. L. Bernardi, C. Porta, P. Sleight. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. http://heart.bmj.com/content/92/4/445.full?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=music+sleightandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT. September 26th, 2010. Sakamoto, H., Psycho-circulatory Responses caused by Listening to Music, and Exposure to Fluctuation Noise or Steady Noise, The Journal of Sound and Vibration, 5 September, 2002. V 250(1), 23-29. Sokoloski, Erica Smith, Weedman, Donna. 2009. Biology of Organisms 5th Edition. Ohio: Cengage Learning.

Celebrity Politics And Politics Of Celebrities In The Philippines Essay

Compared to the makibaka generation of the 70’s, ours is relatively apathetic to political matters. This is somehow attributable to the modern set-up of Philippine news broadcasting and advertising. Do you know what PDAF is? How about a storm surge? Before the Yellow Revolution in 1986, a distinct line was established to separate the primetime news from show business news. To keep yourself informed in both, you have to watch the professional reporter Harry Gasser in NewsWatch and the entertaining chikadora Inday Badiday in Eye to Eye. Nowadays, you can be updated by watching a single program. In Bandila, Boy Abunda can be found sitting side by side, laughing and sharing banters with primetime news reporters Karen Davila, Ces Drilon and Julius Babao. As observed by Jean Encinas-Franco, a political scientist in UP, it just shows how serious news and celebrity gossips managed to intertwine over a few years. Furthermore, it suggests that the former and the latter are now equal in terms of importance. Our interest is diverted. Even if we are presented with political issues that require our attention, we often turn a blind eye and immerse ourselves with trivial matters. Do you think Ping Lacson is gay? Is the president dating again? In the context of the Philippine society today, the subject of politics is enough to make one cringe. The word almost always comes with the word corruption. This phenomenon is intensified by the negative portrayal of our â€Å"authority† on television. A study by psychologist Bruce Levine shows that watching TV, which is a national pastime in the Philippines, pacifies the mind, making it more passive and more susceptible to information-feeding. We are constantly informed of how unprofessional our government is ... ... deem it as pointless to gain unbeneficial knowledge. This rationalization of ignorance results in political nonparticipation. Works Cited Encinas-Franco, J. (n.d.). Celebrity Politics And Politics Of Celebrities In The Philippines. Retrieved from http://halalan.up.edu.ph/index.php/viewpoints/by-professors/167-celebrity-politics-and-politics-of-celebrities-in-the-philippines Levine, B. (n.d.). Does TV Help Make Americans Passive and Accepting of Authority?. Alternet. Retrieved December 30, 2013, from http://www.alternet.org/culture/does-tv-help-make-americans-passive-and-accepting-authority?page=0%2C3 Morgan, N. (2013, March 7). How to Master Yourself, Your Unconscious, and the People Around You -- 3. Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2013, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorgan/2013/03/07/how-to-master-yourself-your-unconscious-and-the-people-around-you-3/