Leonardo da Vincis Last Years - Why was he in France

Born near Florence, Italy on April 15, 1452, Leonardo da Vinci became a rock star of the Italian Renaissance. His notebooks illustrate his genius in art, architecture, painting, anatomy, invention, science, engineering, and urban planning—a vast curiosity that defines what it is to be a Renaissance Man. Where should geniuses spend their final days? King Francis I might say France. From Italy to France: In 1515, the French King invited Leonardo to the royal summer home, Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà ©, near Amboise. Now in his 60s, Da Vinci reportedly traveled by mule across the mountains from northern Italy to central France, carrying with him sketchbooks and unfinished artwork. The young French king had hired the Renaissance master as The Kings First Painter, Engineer and Architect. Leonardo lived in the rehabilitated Medieval fortress from 1516 until his death in 1519. Dreams for Romorantin, Actualizing the Ideal City: Francis I was barely 20-years-old when he became King of France. He loved the countryside south of Paris and decided to move the French capital to the Loire Valley, with palaces in Romorantin. By 1516 Leonardo da Vincis reputation was well-known—more so than the next generations young Italian upstart, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564). King Francis hired da Vinci, the seasoned professional, to carry out his dreams for Romorantin. Leonardo had already thought about a planned city while living in Milan, Italy, a city plagued with the same public health crisis that had ravaged Europe throughout the Middle Ages. For centuries outbreaks of the Black Death spread from city to city. Disease was not well-understood in the 1480s, but the cause was thought to be related to poor sanitation. Leonardo da Vinci loved to solve problems, so his planned city included inventive ways for people to live near water without polluting it. Plans for Romorantin incorporated many of Leonardos idealistic ideas. His notebooks show designs for a Royal Palace built on water; redirected rivers and manipulated water levels; clean air and water circulated with a series of windmills; animal stables built on canals where waste water could be safely removed; cobbled streets to facilitate travel and the movement of building supplies; prefabricated houses for relocating townspeople. Plans Change: Romorantin was never built. It appears that construction had begun in da Vincis lifetime, however. Streets were created, carts of stones were being moved, and foundations were laid. But as da Vincis health failed,  the young Kings interests turned to the less ambitious but equally opulent French Renaissance Chà ¢teau de Chambord, begun the year of da Vincis death. Scholars believe that many of the designs intended for Romorantin ended up in Chambord, including an intricate, helix-like spiral stairway. Da Vincis last years were consumed with finishing up The Mona Lisa, which he had carried with him from Italy, sketching more inventions into his notebooks, and designing the Kings Royal Palace at Romorantin. These were the last three years of Leonardo da Vinci—inventing, designing, and putting the finishing touches on some masterpieces. The Design Process: Architects often speak of the built environment, but many of Leonardos designs were unbuilt during his lifetime, including Romorantin and the ideal city. Project completion may be a goal of the architectural process, but Leonardo reminds us of the value of the vision, the design sketch—that design can exist without construction. Even today looking at a firms website, design competitions are often included on the Projects list, even if the contest is lost and the design is unbuilt. Design sketches are real, necessary, and, as any architect will tell you, repurposable. Da Vincis visions live on at Le Clos Lucà ©. Ideas and inventions from his sketchbooks have been built to scale and are exhibited at the Parc Leonardo da Vinci on the grounds of the Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà ©. Leonardo da Vinci shows us that theoretical architecture has a purpose—and is often ahead of its time. Learn More: Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà © website Sources: History of the site at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/en/decouvrir-le-clos-luce/l-histoire-du-lieu/; His life: chronology at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/en/leonard-de-vinci/sa-vie-chronologie/; Romorantin: Palace and Ideal City by Pascal Brioist at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/fichier/s_paragraphe/8730/paragraphe_file_1_en_romorantin.p.brioist.pdf; and Leonardo, Architect of Francis I by Jean Guillaume the Chà ¢teau du Clos Lucà © website at http://www.vinci-closluce.com/fichier/s_paragraphe/8721/paragraphe_file_1_en_leonardo_architect_of_francis_i_j.guillaume.pdf  [accessed July 14, 2014]

Essay on Japanese Baseball - 1266 Words

Japanese Baseball Japanese Baseball has existed in Japan since 1873. It first appeared amid the social, cultural and technological spasms Japan endured on the heels of the Meiji restoration. The game began as a club sport; Japans first team was the Shinbashi Athletic Club Athletics (composed mostly of people associated with Japans first railroad which ran from Shinbashi, in Tokyo, to Yokohama). For a relatively good treatment of Japans early baseball history see Robert Whitings Youve Gotta Have Wa, The sport became popular with schoolboys and eventually won recognition from the government. Amateur baseball was the only game in Japan until the Shibaura Club was organized in the early 1920s. The Shibaura Club was founded in†¦show more content†¦Each team played at least 84 games in 1941. In 1942, the war in China spread to the rest of the Pacific. In spite of the continuing escalation of the war, the 1942 schedule went back to 104 games. In 1943, the schedule reverted to 84 games. In 1944, the schedule was drastically reduced to 35 games and only six teams. The 1945 season was never played. Within nine months of the beginning of the Allied occupation, Japans pro leagues were back in business with eight teams playing 105 games each. General Information About Japanese Baseball Amateur Baseball Japan is, arguably, the word-wide center of amateur baseball, in the sense that so many people play baseball here. Softball is played in Japan but it far less popular among men than baseball. The total number of softball and baseball players in Japan is probably about even however, since there appears to be many more womens softball teams than baseball teams. The most popular form of baseball is nanshiki which uses a light rubber ball with dimples so that it resembles a large golf ball with the traditional raised seams of a baseball. The ball is a little harder to catch (because it is so light, it has a tendency to pop out of the glove). 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Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy Free Essays

string(271) " has an unresolved issue of some sort with other family members, then how can it be expected for the family to function in a time of distress\? Resolving an emotional attachment to the family is what this theory says must take place in order for the functioning to work\." Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy Abstract This paper will discuss the adjustments that accompany terminal illness within a family setting. The methods that are applied in the theory of choice will be explored as to whether the treatment is appropriate for this type of tragedy. The compatibility of this theory and this issue will be explored when dealing with the family unit. We will write a custom essay sample on Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terminal Illness Impact and Bowenian Therapy A family is two or more people who consider themselves family and who assume obligations, functions, and responsibilities generally essential to healthy family life. (Barker, 1999. p. 55). Families create patterns that are passed on from grandparents to parents and from parents to children. These become the traditions and part of the value systems that are instilled in the lives of all that are involved. Murray Bowen developed his views of theory pertaining to family systems theory. His view is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). His perspective of the family as a whole having an impact on each individual family member was also shared by many of his colleagues. The objective was to work with the family to understand that unresolved conflict with our original families is the most important unfinished business of our lives. He started out working with mother and child, and then he added fathers to the equation. (Nicholas Schwartz. 2009, p. 138). The interactions between family members generate how a crisis is handled. If a family is close knit, it may be a considered a sign of weakness to let outsiders know how they are feeling or if there is a problem within the family. Generation to generation brings an aspect to the next generation about how a matter such as terminal illness is handled. The emotional interdependence presumably evolved to promote the cohesiveness and cooperation families require to protect, shelter, and feed their members. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). Older family members such as great grandparents may come from an era that believed in privacy or the cultures may consider this type of problem a bad omen. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but maybe not a good one either. Stress causes may reactions in many different ways. According to Bowen, the family is viewed as an emotional unit and uses system thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. (www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html). A family has a specific purpose for everyone included. It gives a sense of familiar, a sense of completeness, and a sense of belonging. Attachment to the family member that is sick is ultimate for the entire family. The bond sometimes becomes more of an issue than the actual stress of the patient having a terminal illness. Terminal illness and death, however, would appear to be the ultimate way to resolve the attachment bond. Clair, 2000, p. 512). Terminal illness is an infection or disease which is considered ultimately fatal or incurable. It can go undetected, patients cannot afford proper care, or the illness is virulent enough that it will resist medical intervention. (www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm). Terminal illness impacts the entire family. The family consists of more than ju st parents and children. Grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, and uncles make up family as well. There are people who become part of a family through interactions throughout people’s lives. Friends can be just as much a part of the family as the biological members. Some people have better relationships with outside people than those who are born to them. Some parts of the family may not fit as well as others because even though a family is considered a functioning unit, all parts do not always work. When there is anxiety or stress within the family, the individual members show how they can function on their own. Differentiation of self from the family of origin is defined as the ability to function autonomously as an individual without being emotionally dependent upon or attached to the family process. Murdock Gore, 2004, p. 319). Behind closed doors families have an order of rank. There is an order that an individual serves in the community, but the family is the most important role someone can have. The individual that has the strongest backbone so to speak is usually the person higher up the rank chain. This person is usually the tradition carrier. This is usually t he one who has the ability to keep the family functioning in time of stress. The responsibility that accompanies being a family member may be more than some people can handle. When a serious illness is an issue that families deals with every day, somehow there will be problems. If there is an imbalance between togetherness and separation forces in the family system, anxiety is experienced within the individual. (Ecke, Chope, Emmelkamp. (2006), p. 84). Stress is any influence that interferes with the normal functioning of an organism and produces some internal strain or tension. (Barker, 2003. p. 420). Discovering that a tragedy of this type is a problem within any family is not a good thing, yet sometimes it takes a crisis to fix what is wrong. Stress contributes to the way an individual’s life will function. When a family is going through a traumatic event, the functioning of the individual is not what is thought about. The fact that someone that is loved is going through a hard time is a major factor. It is not a time to think about other members of the family, it is centered on the person who is sick. Most families put the differences aside so that the issue at hand can be dealt with. Bowen viewed that the two forces: togetherness and individuality centered on the two counterbalancing each other. (Nichols Schwartz. 009. P. 140). If a family member has an unresolved issue of some sort with other family members, then how can it be expected for the family to function in a time of distress? Resolving an emotional attachment to the family is what this theory says must take place in order for the functioning to work. You read "Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy" in category "Essay exampl es" As adults we are expected to fulfill certain roles and positions. As productive aspects of the community as well as within the family as a participating member, this must be accomplished. It reflects back to the upbringing and the culture that a person comes from. When a family is not able to function as a whole unit, stress can be a good thing because it gives the family a common goal in which to work towards fixing together. Terminal illness can be a surprise as well as an expected occurrence. It can cause strain on a family emotionally, financially, and physically. Dealing with grief and loss, may make the family feel as if they are on a roller coaster ride. The ability of a family’s survival is a part of the foundation on which the family is built. Illness can last for short periods of time as well as for extended periods. Every member of a family handles situations differently. According to Kubler-Ross, grief has stages that a person goes through. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance is the order in which a person is suppose to grieve, but it may not necessarily work out that way. (Zastraw Kirst-Ashman, 2007. p. 566). Some stages may be skipped or some may not be gone through at all. The ability to pass from one stage to the next is how the family system functions is an aspect of Bowen’s theory. In Bowen’s theory, the stress response expands beyond the individual to include the family. He theorized that if a family functions under the strain of stress then the individual could function. The family as a unit revolves around the fact that each member of the family plays an important role. If one of the members can not pull their weight, then the entire family could suffer. If one person is not able to accept and handle what is thrown out when dealing with an issue such as terminal illness then the entire family system could suffer. The way a family works is dependent on how its members can work together as a single functioning unit. Families create alliances in many ways. Sometimes in families parents are each others’ support while the children usually stick together. Usually alliances are formed as well as the normal array. Children gravitate to the grandparents or to a favorite aunt or uncle as well as other relatives. The family figures out how to make the family work by the way the alliances are formed. The way problems are handled can easily be passed from generation to generation. Culture plays a part in how families deal with issues within the family. Children are affected more often during this type of situation in the family. The adults feel that the children should be protected at all cost. Grieving is a normal process of life as well as being a part of the family circle. Grief is the multifaceted response to death and losses of all kinds, including psychological, emotional, social, and physical reactions according to Waldrop. (Waldrop, 2007, p. 198). Telling a child that a parent or grandparent has a sickness that may take them away is somewhat difficult to do. If a child is not an appropriate age to understand the concept of what a terminal illness is, then they cannot grieve properly. This is a part of the family system that has a breakdown. The children not understanding and being able to cope and function as individuals in the system gives the theory some weight. Even adults who do not come to terms with the severity of the stress of dealing with a terminal illness will cause extra stress for the family. People who are not biological member of a family can still be family members. Doctors, nurses, and other caregivers become a part of the family because of the relationship that is build when they come into ontact with the family. As an individual tries to demonstrate the capability of growing and becoming a productive part of society, the way a family creates bonds is essential to that goal. As people interact relationships from all walks will make paths become intertwined. Some of these relationships become as strong as relationships that come from within the family and just as important. Bowen believed that a family functions as a unit if the individuals in th e family system can function on their own. His theory is to help the individual and the entire family is helped. When a serious crisis comes along and the family members must deal with the emotional, psychological, and even the physical aspects, the ability to put small things aside to look at the overall picture comes into play. It is shown that families work only as well as the members in the family work. Different theorists have used the initial framework of family systems as the basis for their ideas and it has been shown many times that as a system the family works whether functional or dysfunctional. This theory of Bowen has shown that in order for the family to function in a crisis the individual family members must be able to work together to form the unit. It takes every member doing his or her part. Taking care of individual needs in order to build and maintain healthy relationships is a must. The family does operate as a unit running on the mind, body, and soul of each and every member. It is critical that each member be able to interact and function with the other members. Murray Bowen had the conception that the unit that makes a family can function as a whole if the members can work together. It is a must that a family needs all of the members in order to create the bound of togetherness that is required to perform completely. There are other theories that would also fit this issue of terminal illness, but Bowen’s Theory also fits that illness and it shows that family members have an impact on a family while dealing with a serious problem. Family means many things to many people. It requires work regardless of the situation that a family is in. The acceptance of loving your family is part of the bond that will not allow a family to stray away from one another even though there will be struggles. The perception that a family is only functioning if all are participating is not always true. The fact that members can allow themselves to see, give, and say that love is in their hearts and minds, makes a family a wonderful place to be. The theory of Bowen’s and his colleagues helped to create ways for families and their members to have an available resource of treatment. It is good to know that there are options out there that are beneficial to families and their members. References Barker, R. L. (ED). (2003). The Social work dictionary (5th ed. ) Baltimore, MD: NASW Press. Clair, M. St. , (2000). An unfortunate family: terminal illness and the altering of the attachment Bond. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54 (4), 512 -518. Davis, B. D. , Cowley, S. , Ryland, R. (1996). The effects of terminal illness on patients and careers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 512 – 520. Ecke van, Y. , Chope, R. C. , Emmelkamp, P. M. (2006), Bowlby and Bowen: attachment theory and family therapy. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 3(2), 81-108. Fraser, B. , McKay, L. , Pease, L. , (2010). Interview with Michael Kerr. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 100 – 109. Klever, P. (2005). Multigenerational stress and nuclear family functioning. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27 (2), 233 – 250. Murdock, N. , Gore, P. (2004). Stress, coping, and differentiation of self: a test of Bowen Theory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26 (3), 319 – 335. Nichols, M. , Schartz, R. , (2009). The essentials of family therapy, 4/e. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Waldrop, D. , (2007). Caregiver grief in terminal illness and bereavement: a mixed-methods Study. Health and Social Work, 12 (4), 197 -206. Wright, J. , (2009). Self-soothing – a recursive intrapsychic and relational process: the Contribution of the Bowen Theory to the process of self-soothing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (1), 49 – 41. www. thebowencenter. org/pages/theory. html retrieved on October 16, 2011 at 4:30p. m. www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-terminal-illness. htm retrieved on November 1, 2011 at 1:15 a. m. Zastrow, C. , Kirst-Ashman, K. (Ed). (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social Environment (7th ed. ) Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole. How to cite Terminal Illness Impact on Family Functioning and Bowenian Therapy, Essay examples

Anonymous Web Browsing And Cyber Crime

Question: Prepare a Report On Anonymous Web Browsing And Cyber Crime? Answer: Introduction Anonymous web browsing (AWB) is the process of browsing the World Wide Web without a retraceable IP address by keeping it hidden with other personally identifiable information about the person by the website it is visiting. The research work on the mode of anonymous communications had long started in 1981by a seminal paper written by Chaum on e-mail that cannot be traced, digital Pseudonyms and return address. This paper had lead a pathway for the further research work that has been continuing even till this day which concentrates on the analysis, construction and defending from anonymous communications system. There are numerous ways to conduct anonymous web browsing. Some of them are usable proxies, rerouting programs such as TOR also known as the onion router, which is responsible for sending information through a network of routers in order to mask the destination of the information. Though AWB is not anonymous at all as traffic analysis and other programs are used to counteract the TOR and proxies. The anonymous web browsers are used for the prevention of the complex solutions that have already been previewed before as privacy issues. These services can provide anonymity which can be really helpful and unwanted contents in the browser which appears as ads can be sorted out. There are mainly 2 types of anonymous browsers, one is web based and the other one is regular proxy filtering functions lie on the client side. The web based anonymous browsers can be reached through websites while the proxy servers lack in transparency and therefore require certain intermediary agents to be installed in them (Yu et al., 2012). Types Of Anonymous Browsing Proxy servers Anonymous browsing utilizes firewalls of OS and proxies in order to avert the viewers in the World Wide Web from viewing the surfing activity. These viewers includes criminal individuals, internet service provider4s and also the government. These are used by the countries which have limited the access of internet for their people, companies, or sometimes even by colleges. They have a number of limitations such as slow loading of the web pages due to the need for rerouting information. It also may not load some contents in a web page due to the remission of suspicious software on a web page. It is sometimes more of a security hazard for the user while browsing web due to its inability of protecting data without encryption as it uses an server externally that can be hacked in by anybody and record essential data such as credit card credentials, passwords etc. browser add-ons like JAVA VM and flash player are unable to mask the IP address even while surfing with anonymous proxy web serv er (Yang, Xiang and Shi, 2009). Web browser The process of web browsing for many surfers is the clearing of the history and cache automatically while browsing for the other users who also use the same device. Such options are provided by most of the web browsers which deletes the passwords and any privacy data or cookies left behind while browsing (XIE, 2007). Anonymizer (web proxy) This is a company setup by Lance Cottrell which uses technological means to preserve the privacy of a user when browsing the web. It acts as a mediator which preserves the identity of the user when one uses the website of the anonymizer as a third party website to visit the actual website they want to visit. The Anonymizer acts as a web proxy tool which bypasses all the requests and the replies are supplied. Therefore accessed web servers are unable to excavate any information about the IP address of the requested user. It alters out the active content from the users machine like JAVA script or JAVA applets and then signals back the information. The services provided by them is very fast as well as anonymously through an interactive communication. The anonymizer acts as a web proxy filters out any headers or source addresses to keep the user anonymous. Therefore this process enables the web server to learn about the identity of the anonymizer server rather than of the user. It is a f orm of commercial VPN service, which makes internet activity masked from the other internet users. The design of the server is based on single point system which forces the web pages to go through a single website and the encrypted channel is sent back to the user. The single point system is less resistant to the sophisticated traffic analysis rather than of network design (Xiao et al., 2009). There are three basic components in single point system. The anonymizer client, which is a commercial software which is run by the client to anonymize the data. The anonymizer server which usually consists of Network Address Translation server, several SSH servers and web proxies. SSH and web proxy servers are used for load balancing. The destination server helps to run the TCP applications (Tillwick and Olivier, 2008). TOR (THE Onion Routing) It is the latest evolution of OR and represents the current highest performer in low-latency anonymous systems. The design of the TOR underwent several modifications and repairs over the original OR design in terms of deploy ability, security, and efficiency. The TOR has been the largest deployed anonymity network ever, which consists of more than 1000 servers and even greater than an estimated 250,000 users in the coming years. The TOR helps to provide a running mode which tunnels all information over the TCP port which is often not filtered and usually is reserved for HTTP traffic. TOR is a network of virtual tunnels. It allows the people and groups to make advancement their privacy and security on the World Wide Web. It also allows the software developers to create new communication innovation which have built-in privacy features. TOR proves to be the foundation for a series of applications that allow organizations and peoples to share information over public networks without affe cting their privacy (Sharafeddine and Arid, 2011). The onion router is referred as such because of the nature of the encryption service which has layers like that of an onion. The original data is encrypted and re-encrypted hundreds times, then sent for successive TOR relays, where each of them decrypts layers of encryption before handing over the data over to the next relay and finally to its source. This absence of understanding of the data has to be understood and unscrambled in the period of transition. Onion router network are accesses via proxies which generally are routers maintaining public and private key pair. The public component is made known to the client. Proxies are used by unmodified internet applications to connect anonymously. Onion routing network was created to keep the connection and anonymity between the sender and receiver so that even though the receiver may be able to reply the message, they wont be able to identify the sender which is called an anonymous connection. It hides the connection status of any bein g and for respective purpose, from hackers who eavesdrop or compromise the OR on the network (S. Murali, Pandian Durai and M. Ariya, 2011). A starting application initiates a socket connection to an application specific proxy on an onion router. The proxy then judges the route by the construction of a layered data structure while sending it through the network. The next hop in the route is determined by each layer of the onion. It not only carries the next hop route information but each layer of the onion contains seed material to generate keys for crypting the data sent along the anonymous connection in the forward direction and opposite. An OR on receiving onion peels off its layers, it is able to identify the next hop, and therefore launches the embedded onion to that OR. After sending the data, the initiating applications proxy sends data through the anonymous connection on last onion router forwards data to another type of proxy on the machine called the responder proxy which c ompletes the connection from the onion routing network to responders. An extra layer of encryption is added for each onion in the route before sending it over a set of random connections. As the onion moves through the connection, each onion router removes a layer of encryption, which sends it to the receiver as plaintext. When sending the onion back to the initiator, the layering occurs in reverse order. (Peng, n.d.). The work process is same in case of the TOR, it is used to reduce the simple and sophisticated risks in the traffic by the distribution of the transactions overall on the internet, such that neither single point can connect the user to the data. It is same as retracing ones footsteps while being followed and also occasionally deleting the footsteps. The TOR takes a random pathway from the source to the destination to carry the data packets from the source to the destination. The functionality of the TOR client, is to pass the internet traffic route through the TORs network. The traffic travels through the relay sin network provided by the volunteers before it exits from the TOR network and arrives at the users destination. This will disband the internet service providers and the users from the ability to monitor the local network from viewing the websites being accessed by the user. It helps in the prevention of the websites from knowing the physical location or IP address as theyll see the IP address and location of the exit node which has been randomized. Even the relays have no idea who requested the traffic theyre passing along. All traffic within the TOR network is encrypted (Padmanabhan and Yang, n.d.). TOR can also be used for the purpose of random defamation, illegal leaks of sensitive information, and copyright infringement, the distribution of illegal porn content, the selling of banned products, money laundering, credit card fraud and identity theft are the purposes the black markets exploits the TOR infrastructure partly and in conjunction with Bitcoin, and TOR itself has been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously (Olston and Chi, 2003). Legitimate Use of Anonymous Web Browsing The need for the anonymity in the internet users occurred due to the following factors. As 90% of the 80,142 health-related web pages wait for the initiation of the HTTP requests to third-parties, oftentimes outside the view of the user. Some 70% of third-party requests transmit information on specific symptoms, treatments, and diseases in the URI string. Page visitors are at risk of their health interests being publicly identified as well as being blindly discriminated against by marketers. The increase of third party members made it possible for corporations to assemble dossiers on the health conditions of unwitting user (NOWACK, 2006). It is also used by the officers of law in order to browse the extremists websites without the worry to leave digital footprints and reveal that they are under investigation. It can also be used as anonymous tipping service for crime reporting by anonymous users. It helps to protect investigations, communications and intelligence gathering. Military agents on overseas mission also use anonymous browsing tool (TOR) to mask the sites they are visiting, thereby protecting themselves and the military operations and interests. The activists and the whistle blowers use anonymity in order to avoid organizational or government censorship. It also allows the activists to raise their voices and avoid persecutions and also report abuses from danger zones. It has also been used by the journalists to report corruption, protect research and sources online, allows people who actively challenge an institution or policy avoid the control of oppressive regime who try to limit what people say or do on the internet. Its helps internet users to research topics like AIDS, abortion, rape. It helps online forums and oppressed individuals to communicate, discuss private issues, get counselling and treatment such as addictions or drug abuse without fear of discrimination (Montgomery and Faloutsos, 2001). The anonymous use of the web browser can be used illegitimately in the following ways Cybercriminals currently use Online Financial Transaction (OFT) provides services in order to facilitate illicit and explicit online activities such as money laundering, narcotic exchanges, identity theft, and protection of ones identity, cybercriminals utilize the techniques anonymity for communication in combination with many online financial tools. This provides them to mask their impunity by the help of the protection of identity they enjoy from these tools (Levi, 2003). Transfer of illicit finance and information online among sources that cannot be identified is a problem fast developing in the global community as such actions influences extremists, criminals, , and terrorist groups who threaten our physical world (Leiva and Viv, 2013). Anynomosity can help criminals like credit-card scam causing criminals, forging of documents and money, weapons dealers, betting websites sites, market for every kind of vice one can imagine of, havens for hackers, illegal and disgusting porn should get chased off the Surface of Web (Leavitt, 2006). Challenges For Law Enforcement Bodies The Law enforcement officers and digital forensics investigators face challenges due to the untraceable nature of anonymous web browsing. OFTs pose a risk to law enforcement and intelligence agencies which is scaling every day because such anonymous deals are proving to be difficult to keep watch on and provide better opportunities to the criminals who threaten the physical world (Khanchana and Punithavalli, 2011). Many challenges are faced even by the investigative department of the law enforcement body as the digital evidences in case of a crime is un retrievable as the IP address of the user is unanimous. Which makes it untraceable or untrack able. In case of credit card theft it is impossible for the law enforcement to identify the buyer and the seller. The payment is difficult to trace as it has made use of online currency like bitcoins. The anonymity in anonymous tip lines would not allow law enforcement get the identity of the sender and it would hinder the verification of source and process of calling the anonymous tipper in as a witness in many court houses of the world. The illegal buyers and sellers dont exchange cash, or do have any form of banking records which will be available for investigators to subpoena. Warrants cannot be issued as they cannot be taken to court of law because of the human rights law and first amendment in respect to anonymity on the internet (Hirschfeld, 1997 ). The online commenters are exactly not known for their kind words as more people are reliant on social media and the internet service providers to communicate and collect information, it is necessary that certain laws should be amended in order to safeguard or prevent people from misusing the Internet's cloak of invisibility has been bullying the professionals and normal innocent people by making the false claims against remote businesses and elected officials (Henderson, 2012). Measures Against Its Misuse Measures that have be taken against the misuse of anonymous web browsing include the monitoring of exit nodes on TOR network to identify a user, blacklisting the TOR relay IPs, and disrupting the TOR network. By disrupting the TOR network timing and intersection attack to reveal the location of services (Hartman, Ackermann and Ackermann, 2005). Twitter now requests for phone number to verify identify if they want to create an account on twitter through the TOR network. A number of websites treat users from anonymity servers differently, e.g. Slashdot doesnt allow you post comment over TOR (Goldberg and Atallah, 2009). Janus is a Personalized Web Anonymizer which was the first system which made the professionals aware to provide users with an easy means of anonymous personalization for web browsing. Services of Janus as an intermediary object between a user and a web site, it achieves the goals of user identification and user privacy by automatically generating aliases for users, such aliases allow the user to login to their accounts using a pseudonym that hides the user s true identity. Janus does not indulges the user in the burden of inventing and remembering unique usernames and passwords for every website Moreover it will provide the appropriate usernames and passwords automatically. It has also proven to be a great authentication software which is safe from cyber-attacks (Garfinkel and Spafford, 2011). Foxy Proxy is a Firefox extension similar to Torbutton but its functionality is more advanced. It allows users faster enabling and disabling of any proxy server, and it allows the formation of convention admission control lists to stipulate that certain fields should always be accessed through TOR, with a dissimilar proxy, or straight. This has also been cooperative to the users in defence against misuse of the unidentified web browsing (Drk, Williamson and Carpendale, 2012). Measures Adopted Against Its Misuse The governing bodies of the countries are fast developing active measures to deal against the illegal practices of the anonymous web browsing like child pornography, encryption and the traceability of e-mails. The first measure would be to regulate the telephone industry in order to maintain subscriber and call information for fixed periods of time. It would be very beneficial for the lawmakers if the internet service providers also adopt a similar kind of approach for the retainment of the subscriber information and records for the screen names and the associated internetworking protocol numbers (Chen, 2005). Though the suggestions to limit anonymous infrastructures on the internet would disrupt free speech rights which have been recognised by the supreme courts long ago. Some countries are fixated at its efforts on evolving measures aimed at battling the sexual exploitation of children via the Internet. Contemplation is being given to the enrolment of a Code of Conduct for Internet providers and for the formation of a contact point for the detection of info of a paedophilic nature. Like in Finland, which has the highest per capita level of Internet access in the world, the approach of the authorities has been to seek to make regulation on the broadcast of illegal material contraption neutral. A Committee on Freedom of Speech Statute reported that among their approvals is the duration of an ISP Manager as a responsible editor and therefore hypothetically liable to prosecution for the communication of illegal material (Adair, Hartstein and Richard, 2010). Conclusion Every technological advancement in the recent times had its own share of advantages and disadvantages. Like that anonymous web browsing too provides benefits to the people who use it for the good of the common and bad for the people who use it in illegal means. The most important thing for the proper use of technology is the generation of awareness against among the people in order to educate them and instil good values. Though there are many measures being taken by the government to mitigate the ill effects of this technology in the society, but the society themselves have to change and stop the support of such actions. References Adair, S., Hartstein, B. and Richard, M. 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